Understanding the chemistry behind works of art and heritage materials presents an opportunity to apply scientific techniques to their conservation and restoration. Manipulation of materials at the nanoscale affords greater accuracy and minimal disturbance to the original work, while efficiently combating the affects of time and environment.
This book meets the growing demand for an all-encompassing handbook to instruct on the use of today's science on mankind's cultural heritage. The editors have pioneered modern techniques in art conservation over the last four decades, and have brought together expertise from across the globe. Each chapter presents the theoretical background to the topic in question, followed by practical information on its application and relevant case studies.
Introductory chapters present the science behind the physical composition of art materials. Four chapters explore various cleaning techniques now, followed by four chapters describing the application of inorganic nanomaterials. Each chapter is fully referenced to the primary literature and offers suggestions for further reading.
Professional conservators and scientists alike will find this essential reading, as will postgraduate students in the fields of materials and colloid science, art restoration and nanoscience.
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Piero Baglioni is currently Full Professor of Physical Chemistry and lecturer of Physical Chemistry of Disperse Systems and Interfaces at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Florence. He has been appointed as Visiting Scientist/Professor by several laboratories such as the Department of Chemistry of the University of Houston, the Weizmann Institute, the Collège de France, and M.I.T. He is the Director of the National Consortium for Nanosystems (CSGI) and in the Advisory Board and reviewer of several international journals and International organization (European Science Foundation (ESF), National Science Foundation (NSF)). He is member of the scientific board of several national and international Institutions, industries (Italcementi, FAST, HMI, etc.) and Journals, coordinator of several National and European Union’s projects.
David Chelazzi is a research fellow at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Florence. His research interests and expertise include the consolidation of wall painting, cleaning of artworks, deacification of paper, wood and canvas. Recent work has been concerned with the synthesis and characterisation of nanoparticles for cultural heritage conservation and nanostrcutured cleaning fluids.
Understanding the chemistry behind works of art and heritage materials presents an opportunity to apply scientific techniques to their conservation and restoration. Manipulation of materials at the nanoscale affords greater accuracy and minimal disturbance to the original work, while efficiently combating the affects of time and environment.
This book meets the growing demand for an all-encompassing handbook to instruct on the use of today's science on mankind's cultural heritage. The editors have pioneered modern techniques in art conservation over the last four decades, and have brought together expertise from across the globe. Each chapter presents the theoretical background to the topic in question, followed by practical information on its application and relevant case studies.
Introductory chapters present the science behind the physical composition of art materials. Four chapters explore various cleaning techniques now, followed by four chapters describing the application of inorganic nanomaterials. Each chapter is fully referenced to the primary literature and offers suggestions for further reading.
Professional conservators and scientists alike will find this essential reading, as will postgraduate students in the fields of materials and colloid science, art restoration and nanoscience.
Chapter 1 Cultural Heritage Artefacts and Conservation: Surfaces and Interfaces G. Caminati,
Chapter 2 The Degradation of Works of Art Materials L. Dei and R. Giorgi,
Chapter 3 Conservation Treatments: Cleaning, Consolidation and Protection L. Dei,
Chapter 4 Cleaning I: Solvents and Solutions D. Berti and P. Lo Nostro,
Chapter 5 Cleaning I: Application E. Carretti and L. Dei,
Chapter 6 Cleaning II: Surfactants and Micellar Solutions P. Lo Nostro,
Chapter 7 Cleaning II: Applications and Case Studies E. Carretti and L. Dei,
Chapter 8 Cleaning III: Emulsions and Microemulsions D. Berti,
Chapter 9 Cleaning III: Applications and Case Studies R. Giorgi and E. Carretti,
Chapter 10 Cleaning IV: Gels and Polymeric Dispersions E. Fratini and E. Carretti,
Chapter 11 Cleaning IV: Applications and Case Studies E. Carretti and R. Giorgi,
Chapter 12 Inorganic Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Properties M. Bonini, P. Baglioni and D. Chelazzi,
Chapter 13 Inorganic Nanomaterials for the Consolidation of Wall Paintings and Stones P. Baglioni and R. Giorgi,
Chapter 14 Biomineralization, Geopolymers and Hybrid Nanocomposites L. Dei and D. Chelazzi,
Chapter 15 Inorganic Nanomaterials for the Deacidification of Paper R. Giorgi,
Chapter 16 Inorganic Nanomaterials for the Deacidification of Waterlogged Wood D. Chelazzi, R. Giorgi and P. Baglioni,
Subject Index,
Cultural Heritage Artefacts and Conservation: Surfaces and Interfaces
G. CAMINATI
University of Florence, Italy
Email: gabriella.caminati@unifi.it
1.1Thermodynamics of Interfaces: Surface Energy and Surface Tension
Our appreciation of any work of art belonging to our Cultural Heritage is definitely intertwined with the observation and interpretation of the surface of the object itself. As a matter of fact, whether we are observing a Renaissance fresco, a Maya painting, or the surface of a grotto painted by an unknown artist of our prehistory (see Figure 1.1), our attention is drawn entirely to the surface of the artefact.
An art object is devised so as to observe, read and experience its surface: the surface is the locus where the artist transferred their message and emotions, but it is also the place where different materials, with their own specific chemical composition and mechanical properties, coexist. Surface also plays a leading role in another unfortunately unavoidable process that affects our Cultural Heritage: all works of art deteriorate over time upon exposure to light, temperature stresses and relative humidity cycles, insects, or microorganisms, depending on the particular location and exposure to the environmental factors. The effects of deterioration may proceed deeper into the artefact but the first screen and the first point of attack is undoubtedly what the object exposes to the external surroundings: its surface, or better the interface with the world outside the art object. No matter whether the causes of deterioration are physical, chemical or biological, the surface will be the first frontier to be modified both in structure and composition. Exposure of the work of art to the atmosphere will result sooner or later in the growth of nano- or microlayers of different chemical composition readily adsorbed on the surface, as depicted in Figure 1.2. The mechanis
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