Our ability to manipulate short wavelength radiation (0.01-100nm, equivalent to 120keV-12eV) has increased significantly over the last three decades. This has lead to major advances in applications in a wide range of disciplines such as: the life and medical sciences, including cancer-related studies; environmental science, including studies of pollution and its effects; archaeology and other cultural heritage disciplines; and materials science. Although expansion in application areas is due largely to modern synchrotron sources, many applications will not become widespread, and therefore routinely available as analytical tools, if they are confined to synchrotrons. There is a need to develop bright but small and low cost X-ray sources, not to replace synchrotrons but to complement them and this book will look at how to facilitate these developments.
Written by a distinguished team of international authors, this book is based on the COST Action MP0601: Short Wavelength Laboratory Sources. The contents are divided into five main sections. the introductory section provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of radiation, generation mechanisms and short wavelength laboratory sources. The middle sections focus on modelling and simulation, source development: improvement and characterisation and integrated systems: sources, optics and detectors. The final section looks at recent applications.
Aimed at academic and industrial researchers in physical chemistry and chemical physics, the contents provides practical information about the implementation of short wavelength laboratory sources and their applications.
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Professor Alan Michette did his PhD in Particle Physics at University College London. After a postdoctoral appointment at UCL he spent four years at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory before joining Queen Elizabeth College, London as a lecturer, at which point he changed to his current research field of X-Ray Physics. Following the merger of the colleges he moved to King's College London, where he has been ever since apart from a sabbatical in Germany as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow. In addition to his main research interests, he is the UK instigator of a project to place cosmic ray detectors in local schools with the aim of allowing pupils and teachers the opportunity to be involved in real research - science by application.
Sadly, Professor Michette passed away in May 2013 before this book was published.
Modelling and Simulation,
ATOMIC AND PLASMA PHYSICS SOFTWARE AND DATABASES FOR THE SIMULATION OF SHORT WAVELENGTH SOURCES F. de Dortan, D. Kilbane, J. Vyskocil, P. Zeitoun, A. Gonzalez, A. de la Varga, O. Guilabaud, D. Portillo, O. Cotelo, A. Barbas and P. Velarde, 3,
MODELLING OF PLASMA-BASED SEEDED SOFT X-RAY LASERS E. Oliva, T. T. Le and P. Zeitoun, 14,
FIELD COHERENCE OF EUV SOURCES Olivier Guilbaud, 25,
REACHABLE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTHS ACCORDING TO ELEMENTS / ATOMIC DATA D. Kilbane, F. de Dortan, G. O'Sullivan and V. Zakharov, 42,
ABSORPTION OF SHORT PUMPING PULSES FOR GRAZING INCIDENCE PUMPED X-RAY LASERS D. Ursescu, 49,
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY WAVEGUIDES I. Bukreeval, D. Pelliccia, A. Cedola, A. Sorrentino, F. Scarinci, M. Ilie, M. Fratini, V. E. Asadchikov, V. L. Nosik and S. Lagomarsino, 65,
TABLE-TOP SOFT X-RAY Ar+8 LASERS EXCITED BY CAPILLARY Z-PINCHES J. Szasz, M. Kiss, I. Santa, S. Szatmari, and S.V. Kukhlevsky, 85,
NANOMETRE SCALE TAPERED PLANAR WAVEGUIDES FOR FOCUSING X-RAY FEMTOSECOND PULSES S.V. Kukhlevsky, 102,
EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION FROM MULTI-CHARGED STATE IONS IN POTASSIUM PLASMAS T. Higashiguchi, B. Li, R D'Arcy, P. Dunne, and Gerry O'Sullivan, 109,
Source Development,
LASER PRODUCED PLASMA X-RAY AND EUV SOURCES FOR LITHOGRAPHY G.O'Sullivan, 121,
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF XUV GENERATION BY NON-LINEAR FREQUENCY CONVERSION Bill Brocklesby, 131,
ELECTRON TRAJECTORIES IN HIGH HARMONIC GENERATION I.B. Földes and K. Varjú, 150,
MODIFIED CATHODE TUBE: X-RAY AND XUV RADIATION FOR NANO-INSPECTION U. Hinze and B. Chichkov, 163,
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUB-PICOSECOND TITANIUM Kα SOURCE USING RELATIVISTICALLY INTENSE LASERS U. Zastrau, I. Uschmann, E. Förster, A. Sengebusch, H. Reinholz, G. Röpke, E. Kroupp, E. Stambulchik and Y. Maron, 179,
BREMSSTRAHLUNG X-RAY EMISSION IN ELECTRON-BEAM-PUMPED KRF LASERS V.D. Zvorykin and S.V. Arlantsev, 207,
Integrated Systems,
THE BERN ADVANCED GLASS LASER FOR EXPERIMENT (BEAGLE) X-RAY LASER FACILITY Davide Bleiner and Felix Staub, 235,
ENEA EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY MICRO-EXPOSURE TOOL: MAIN FEATURES S. Bollanti, P. Di Lazzaro, F. Flora, L. Mezi, D. Murra, A. Torre, 245,
CHARACTERISATION AND MITIGATION OF IONS AND PARTICULATE EMITTED BY SOURCES FOR EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY P. Di Lazzaro, S. Bollanti, F. Flora, L. Mezi, D. Murra and A. Torre, 270,
EUV MULTILAYER OPTICS: DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND METROLOGY P. Nicolosi, 283,
APPLICATIONS OF KrF LASERS FOR GENERATING COHERENT EUV RADIATION I.B. Földes and S. Szatmári, 313,
BROADBAND MULTILAYERS: TAILOR MADE MIRRORS FOR LINEARLY POLARIZED X-RAYS FROM A LASER PLASMA SOURCE M. Krämer and K. Mann, 326,
Applications,
SHORT WAVELENGTH LABORATORY SOURCES FOR SEMI-CONDUCTOR INSPECTION AND FABRICATION Davide Bleiner and Mabel Ruiz-Lopez, 335,
CARBON-NANOTUBES FIELD EMITTER TO BE USED IN ADVANCED X-RAY SOURCE M. Fratini, S. Iacobucci, A. Rizzo, F. Scarinci, Y. Zhang, W.I. Milne, A. Cedola, G. Stefani, S. Lagomarsino, 358,
LASER-PLASMA EUV SOURCE FOR MODIFICATION OF POLYMER SURFACES A. Bartnik, H. Fiedorowicz, R. Jarocki, J. Kostecki, L. Pina, M. Szczurek, and P. Wachulak, 366,
A SUB-PICOSECOND PLASMA SOURCE FOR TIME-RESOLVED X-RAY MEASUREMENTS T. Kämpfer, S. Höfer, R. Loetzsch, I. Uschmann and E. Förster, 373,
APPLICATION OF FOCUSED X-RAY BEAMS IN RADIATION BIOLOGY J. Lekki, J. Bielecki, S. Bozek, Z. Stachura, 381,
TIME-RESOLVED X-RAY DIFFRACTION OF CRYOGENIC SAMPLES USING A LASER BASED PLASMA SOURCE R. Loetzsch, A. Lübcke, F. Zamponi, T. Kämpfer, I. Uschmann and E. Förster, 398,
NEAR-EDGE X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE MEASUREMENTS USING A LABORATORY-SCALE XUV SOURCE K. Mann, 407,
NANOMETER SCALE IMAGING USING A DESK-TOP LASER PLASMA EUV SOURCE P.W. Wachulak, A. Bartnik and H. Fiedorowicz, 414,
LASER-PLASMA EUV AND SOFT X-RAY SOURCES FOR MICROSCOPY APPLICATIONS P.W. Wachulak, A. Bartnik, H. Fiedorowicz, T. Feigl, R. Jarocki, J. Kostecki, L. Pina, M. Szczurek, A. Szczurek and Z. Zawadzki, 419,
NANOMETER SCALE IMAGING WITH TABLE-TOP EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET LASER P.W. Wachulak, A. Isoyan, R.A. Bartels, C.S. Menoni, J.J. Rocca and M.C. Marconi, 425,
DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF LASER-PLASMA EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET AND SOFT X-RAY SOURCES FOR MICROSCOPY APPLICATIONS P. W. Wachulak, A. Bartnik, J. Kostecki, R. Jarocki, M. Szczurek and H. Fiedorowicz, 431,
Subject Index, 447,
ATOMIC AND PLASMA PHYSICS SOFTWARE AND DATABASES FOR THE SIMULATION OF SHORT WAVELENGTH SOURCES
F. de Dortan, D. Kilbane, J. Vyskocil, P. Zeitoun, A. Gonzalez, A. de la Varga, O. Guilbaud, D. Portillo, M. Cotelo, A. Barbas and P. Velarde
1 INTRODUCTION
A large variety of software has been developed for numerical simulations of plasma radiation emission and transport and the design of optics. Many of these codes are not specifically for short wavelengths but they can be helpful in the design of X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) sources. The astrophysics community has written codes to study the spectra and evolution of stars and gas clouds while civilian and military applicants of atomic processes were aware very early of the need for atomic, plasma and hydrodynamic software to simulate nuclear fission and fusion and their effects. Of more relevance to low cost EUV sources, the large synchrotron community has also generated efficient tools for the simulation of radiation from electrons and the design of short wavelength optics.
The present intention is not to present all the available software, since resources such as Computer Physics Communications and Plasma Gate give much more comprehensive, if never complete, reviews. Instead, some of the more popular programs will be introduced, as they are proven and tested assistance is available from experienced users. The software may be downloaded from the web sites listed in the references; registration is sometimes required.
2 DATABASES
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Atomic Spectra Database is a comprehensive compilation of the experimental wavelength, strengths and level energies of spectral lines with links to the original papers. Access to the ionisation energies is available on the same website. The Atomic Molecular Data Service (AMDAS) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is another source of databases and online software.
The OPAL opacity tables give access to the monochromatic Rosseland opacities of 22 elements of interest for solar astrophysics - hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorous, sulphur, chlorine, argon, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron and nickel. The opacities are for solar mixtures but may be easily extended to other mixtures and pure elements. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) is assumed. Some equations of state are also available for the most representative elements of the Sun, namely hydrogen, helium, carbon, oxygen and neon. Some Fortran subroutines are available for...
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