Gas-cooled, graphite-moderated nuclear reactors suffer ageing and degradation to the graphite during service posing a threat to the functionality of the core, and potentially, the safe operation of the reactor. Thus, the importance of modelling and measuring reactor core graphite properties and performance increases especially as continued use beyond the designed life time becomes significant. This book captures the proceedings from the third in a series of meetings addressing the extensive research and analysis performed to ensure the continuing safe performance of the graphite cores. Covering four broad themes: mechanistic; statistical; empirical; and, plant performance, this book should appeal to a wide range of readers from engineers and reactor operators to policy makers.
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Dr Gareth Neighbour completed his PhD in Materials Science at the University of Bath and joined AEA Technology at their Windscale plant from 1992 for four years where, amongst other things, he managed the integration of project safety, QA and engineering management systems. He then moved to University of Bath where he formed and then led the internationally recognised Bath Nuclear Materials Group. Dr Gareth Neighbour joined the University of Hull in February 2001 as a lecturer in Engineering. A significant proportion of his research is interdisciplinary in nature. His interest ranges from integrated management systems to fracture mechanics and fundamental structure-property relationships of engineering materials. With over 64 publications and a significant number of classified reports published by nuclear industry organisations, he is often invited to collaborate with national and international organisations and assist with organising conferences and committees.
Gas-cooled, graphite-moderated nuclear reactors suffer ageing and degradation to the graphite during service posing a threat to the functionality of the core, and potentially, the safe operation of the reactor. Thus, the importance of modelling and measuring reactor core graphite properties and performance increases especially as continued use beyond the designed life time becomes significant. This book captures the proceedings from the third in a series of meetings addressing the extensive research and analysis performed to ensure the continuing safe performance of the graphite cores. Covering four broad themes: mechanistic; statistical; empirical; and, plant performance, this book should appeal to a broad range of readers from engineers and reactor operators to policy makers.
Part A – Mechanistic,
Towards a Structural Basis to the Physical Properties of Irraidated Polycrystalline Nuclear Graphite Brian Rand, 2,
Property Changes of Polycrystalline Graphite due to Neutron Irradiation – A Critical Assessment after 70 Years of Research Gerd Haag, 9,
Evaluation of Instantaneous Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of PGA Graphite Martin P. Metcalfe, Nassia Tzelepi and John F.B. Payne, 17,
A Review of Current Finite Element Models for Irradiation Creep and Failure of Nuclear Graphite David W. J. Tanner, Adib A. Becker, Wei Sun and Tom H. Hyde, 23,
Quasi-Brittle Fracture Concepts to Improve Structural Integrity Assessments of High Oxidation Weight Loss Graphite Components Andrew D. Hodgkins, Mahmoud Mostafavi, Peter E. J. Flewitt, Malcolm Wootton and Robert Moskovic, 31,
Development of an Experimental and Simulation Process to Determine the End of Life Radionuclide Inventory of UK Irradiated Graphite Waste with a View to Long Term Disposal Greg Black, Abbie N. Jones and Barry Marsden, 39,
The Oxidation of A3-3 Matrix Material in a CO2 Atmosphere in Support of a Nuclear Battery Type Reactor Design Joel Turner, Abbie N. Jones, Anthony J. Wickham, Marc Schmidt and Tim J. Abram, 44,
Part B - Empirical,
Theoretical Investigations into Sample Size Effects on Ultrasonic Measurements of Elastic Moduli John F.B. Payne and Nassia Tzelepi, 52,
Mechanical Property Measurements on AGR Core Graphite Using Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry Paul Ramsay, 61,
Quantitative Microstructure Characterisation of Advanced Carbons Using Image Analysis Theerapatt Manuwong, Gary D. Kipling, and Gareth B. Neighbour, 69,
Revised Method For Graphite Weight Loss Prediction Jonathan E. Coote and Neil S. Headings, 76,
On Large Scale Implicit Multibody Contact Dynamics Modeling with SOLFEC Tomasz Koziara and Nenad Bicanic, 84,
Shaking Table Experimental Programme Luiza Dihoru, Adam Crewe, Colin Taylor and Tim Horgan, 91,
A Novel Approach for Evaluating Surface Deposits on the Channel Wall Trepanned Graphite Samples Peter J. Heard, Malcolm R. Wootton and Peter E. J. Flewitt, 99,
3H and 14C Release in UK Nuclear Graphite by Chemical Treatment Lorraine McDermott, Abbie N. Jones and Barry J. Marsden, 108,
Part C – Statistical,
Statistical Modelling of the Ageing of Graphite Cores Philip R. Maul, 116,
Probability Modelling of Density Variability of Radiolytically Oxidised Graphite Robert Moskovic, 124,
Statistical Analysis of Bore Cracking in AGRs Emma Tan, Kevin McNally and Nick Warren, 132,
Statistical Modelling of Graphite Properties Peter C. Robinson and Philip R. Maul, 140,
Part D - Plant,
The Role of Data Visualisation in Core Inspection Decision Making Claire E. Watson, Peter C. Robinson and Philip R. Maul, 149,
Non-Linear Seismic Assessment of AGRs: Incorporation of Aged Graphite Material Properties Kieran Scully and David Knowles, 158,
Solid-Body Simulation of the Dynamic Response of an Array of Graphite Bricks Steve Brasier and Stuart Rogers, 166,
Intelligent Graphite Core Condition Monitoring Christopher J. Wallace, Graeme M. West, Stephen D. J. McArthur and Michael Coghlan, 175,
Decomposition of Refuelling Signals to Estimate Channel Bore Profiles Graeme M. West, Christopher J. Wallace, Stephen D. J. McArthur and Michael Coghlan, 183,
The LEWIS Method for Channel Functionality Assessment Richard J. Crawford, 192,
Part E – Open Discussion,
Open Discussion Anthony J. Wickham, 202,
Author Index, 212,
Subject Index, 213,
Towards a Structural Basis to the Physical Properties of Irradiated Polycrystalline Nuclear Graphite
Brian Rand
Institute for Materials Research, University of Leeds and Institute of Applied Materials (SARChl Chair of Carbon Technology and Materials), University of Pretoria, RSA
Email: b.ca.rand@btinternet.com
Abstract
The need for mechanistic understanding of structure-property relationships for irradiated polycrystalline nuclear graphite is considered. Appropriate structural characteristics for polycrystalline graphite at all of the relevant dimensional scales are discussed and some aspects of the effects of irradiation damage on them are considered. It is suggested that the relationship between structural characteristics and physical properties be determined at each dimensional scale and used in multi-scale modelling of specific properties at the macro-scale at which they are actually measured.
Keywords
Graphite, structure, properties
INTRODUCTION
Although significant progress was made in the periods when graphite core reactors were being developed and constructed, the following period has until recently been one of limited research activity due to the political perception of nuclear safety issues. Yet this very period is one when advanced material characterisation techniques have made tremendous strides along with the development of structural modelling techniques. Now that there is renewed interest in developing an improved understanding of the structure-property relationships for polycrystalline graphite, some of the earlier concepts inevitably will be re-evaluated. Currently, many of the material models in use to predict the changes in physical properties of nuclear graphite resulting from fast neutron irradiation and radiolytic oxidation are empirically based and their implementation is limited to the range of fluence and oxidative weight loss for which there is a validated database, hence the need for better mechanistic understanding of the structural basis of the properties and the development of mechanistically based models for the different properties. This paper presents a personal view of what may be required to develop such an approach.
STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
For the UK situation, perhaps the most important mechanistic issues for polycrystalline material are:-
• The mechanism of dimensional change, since the differential changes control internal stresses
• Irradiation creep which leads to the alleviation of such stresses;
• The structural changes due to fast neutron irradiation and to radiolytic oxidation;
• Structural dependence of physical properties.
Given this level of understanding, it should be possible to understand the effects of irradiation damage and oxidation on the physical properties of interest. Such a task, however, is not easy due to the structural complexity of polycrystalline graphite. Figure 1 shows the obvious relationship between structural characteristics and physical properties. When the former are changed by irradiation and oxidation, the physical properties are changed. However, if we cannot clearly define what these structural characteristics are and/or do not know how they are changed by irradiation then the modified physical properties cannot be predicted. Consequently, because we do not currently have this level of understanding and because it has been relatively easy to determine the changes in physical properties the tendency has been to use the physical property database developed for prediction of core component behaviour and then for mechanistic understanding to...
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book presents the proceedings from the third in a series of meetings addressing graphite used in operation of gas-cooled nuclear reactors. The book aims to detail information on the experience and achievements of operation in extending the life of nuclear gas-cooled power stations, particularly in the UK, beyond their design life and thus mitigating the generation of CO2 by energy generators. Covering four broad themes: mechanistic; statistical; empirical; and, plant performance, this book should appeal to a wide range of readers from policy makers to reactor operators. Artikel-Nr. 9781849733908
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