The Significance of Faecal Indicators in Water: A Global Perspective (Special Publications) - Hardcover

 
9781849731690: The Significance of Faecal Indicators in Water: A Global Perspective (Special Publications)

Inhaltsangabe

This book is the proceedings of the conference Faecal Indicators: problem or solution? Has technical progress reduced the need for faecal indicators? held on 6th to 8th June 2011 at Edinburgh Conference Centre, Heriot Watt University, UK. It addresses existing and emerging issues in environmental microbiology which in turn offer exciting new challenges in microbiology, public health and environmental science. The ultimate aim being to assist the monitoring and modelling of environmental systems to protect human health, animal welfare and environmental quality. With contributions from leading scientists and experts in academia and industry, it offers a truly international perspective on both current research and our ability to respond with useful and sustainable solutions to many of the emerging challenges of today's modern communities. The conference featured two combative, provocative and engaging debates examining the moral issues behind the statements "What is a coliform and are coliforms relevant to public health?" and "Do regulations help or hinder the innovation in testing methods?". The reports of these questions are captured in the book. The book appeals across the board from those working in universities and research institutes to local governments, the water and food industries, and health professionals.

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This book is the proceedings of the conference Faecal Indicators: problem or solution? Has technical progress reduced the need for faecal indicators? held on 6th to 8th June 2011 at Edinburgh Conference Centre, Heriot Watt University, UK. It addresses existing and emerging issues in environmental microbiology which in turn offer exciting new challenges in microbiology, public health and environmental science. The ultimate aim being to assist the monitoring and modelling of environmental systems to protect human health, animal welfare and environmental quality. With contributions from leading scientists and experts in academia and industry, it offers a truly international perspective on both current research and our ability to respond with useful and sustainable solutions to many of the emerging challenges of today's modern communities. The conference featured two combative, provocative and engaging debates examining the moral issues behind the statements "What is a coliform and are coliforms relevant to public health?" and "Do regulations help or hinder the innovation in testing methods?". The reports of these questions are captured in the book.

Aus dem Klappentext

This book is the proceedings of the conference Faecal Indicators: problem or solution? Has technical progress reduced the need for faecal indicators? held on 6th to 8th June 2011 at Edinburgh Conference Centre, Heriot Watt University, UK. It addresses existing and emerging issues in environmental microbiology which in turn offer exciting new challenges in microbiology, public health and environmental science. The ultimate aim being to assist the monitoring and modelling of environmental systems to protect human health, animal welfare and environmental quality. With contributions from leading scientists and experts in academia and industry, it offers a truly international perspective on both current research and our ability to respond with useful and sustainable solutions to many of the emerging challenges of today's modern communities. The conference featured two combative, provocative and engaging debates examining the moral issues behind the statements "What is a coliform and are coliforms relevant to public health?" and "Do regulations help or hinder the innovation in testing methods?". The reports of these questions are captured in the book.

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The Significance of Faecal Indicators in Water

A Global Perspective

By David Kay, Colin Fricker

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-84973-169-0

Contents

Faecal Indicators and Pathogens: Expanding Opportunities for the Microbiology Community D. Kay, J. Crowther, C. Davies, A. Edwards, L. Fewtrell, C. Francis, C. Kay, A. McDonald, C. Stapleton, J. Watkins and M. Wyer, 1,
Faecal Indicators in Drinking Water – Is It Time To Move On? Margaret McGuinness, 18,
Improving Bacteriological Water Quality Compliance of Drinking Water Kate Ellis, Bernadette Ryan, Michael R. Templeton and Catherine A. Biggs, 27,
A Waterborne Outbreak Caused by a Severe Faecal Contamination of Distribution Network: Nokia Case I.T. Miettinen, O. Lepistö, T. Pitkänen, M Kuusi, L. Maunula, J Laine, J Ikonen and M-L. Hänninen, 34,
Occurrence and Growth of Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water Distribution Systems B. Hambsch, A. Korth and H. Petzoldt, 38,
Predictive Model of Chlorine Dynamics in Water D. Kim, C. T. Le, V.V. Ha, D. Frauchiger, A. Doyen and N. Garg, 47,
Validity of Composite Sampling for Enumerating E. coli from Recreational Waters by Molecular Methods (QPCR) J. L. Kinzelman and M. Leittl, 52,
Estimating 95th Percentiles from Microbial Sampling: A Novel Approach to Standardising their Application to Recreational Waters R.S.W. Lugg, A. Cook and B. Devine, 62,
Comparison of Rapid Methods for Active Bathing Water Quality Monitoring A. Henry, G. Scherpereel, R.S. Brown, J. Baudart, P. Servais and N. Charni Ben Tabassi, 72,
Do Biofilms Developed in the River Bed Serve as Sources for Bacterial Indicators? H. Hirotani and M. Yoshino, 84,
Cost-Effective Applications of Human and Animal Viruses as Microbial Source- Tracking Tools in Surface Waters and Groundwater Silvia Bofill-Mas, Byron Calgua, Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano, Ayalkibet Hundesa, Anna Carratala, Marta Rusiñol, Laura Guerrero and Rosina Girones, 90,
Distinguishing Possum and Human Faeces using Faecal Sterol Analysis B.J. Gilpin, M Devane, D. Wood and A. Chappell, 102,
Rapid Confirmation of Presumptive Clostridium perfringens Colonies by Polymerase-Chain Reaction R. Múrtula, E. Soria, M A. Yáñez and V. Catalán, 107,
An Evaluation of Bacterial Source Tracking of Faecal Bathing Water Pollution in The Kingsbridge Estuary, UK K. R. Hussein, G. Bradleyand G. Glegg, 114,
Detection and Quantification of E. coli and Coliform Bacteria iIn Water Samples with a New Method Based on Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation Michael Hügler, Karin Böckle, Ingrid Eberhagen, Karin Thelen, Claudia Beimfohr and Beate Hambsch, 123,
A Review of Potential Culture Independent Biological Detection Methods for the Water Industry - Challenges of Moving Beyond the Research Lab Q.I. Sheikh, J.B. Boxall and C.A. Biggs, 131,
Detection of Faecal Contamination in the Drinking Water of Small Community Water Supply Plants in Finland Tarja Pitkänen, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Marja-Liisa Hänninen and Ilkka T. Miettinen, 145,
Monitoring and Assessment in a Water Treatment Plant using Bankfiltrated Raw Water in Duesseldorf, Germany Vera Schumacher, Timo Binder, Hans-Peter Rohns and Christoph Wagner, 151,
Microbiology of Sustainable Water Systems; Rainwater Harvesting – A UK Perspective L. Fewtrell, C. Davies, C. Francis, H. Jones, J. Watkins and D. Kay, 167,
Subject Index, 178,


CHAPTER 1

FAECAL INDICATORS AND PATHOGENS: EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE MICROBIOLOGY COMMUNITY

D. Kay, J. Crowther, C. Davies, A. Edwards, L. Fewtrell, C. Francis, C. Kay, A. McDonald, C. Stapleton, J. Watkins, M. Wyer.



1 INTRODUCTION

Demands for a high quality science evidence-base and policy support by regulators, government and operational managers is increasing rapidly in the field of faecal indicators and pathogens. This dynamic is driven by emerging regulatory paradigms in North America, Europe and Austral-Asia underpinned by international science led organisations such as the WHO (the World Health Organisation). Central to this development is the requirement to manage microbial risks in an integrated manner at the catchment scale. This implies quantification of diverse pollutant sources with very different flux quantity and timing. The complex spatial and temporal input pattern of microbial flux then undergoes complex processes causing attenuation, and possibly regrowth, in many catchment compartments such as the land surface, soil systems, groundwater, river waters and sediments and, thence, in estuarine and near-shore systems. Notwithstanding this complexity, which has received very little research attention when compared to: for example, the nutrient parameters, regulators in North America and Europe are required to develop a catchment scale Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL-USA) estimate or a Programme of Measures (POM-EU) respectively to ensure resource use locations in rivers, lakes and/or near-shore waters comply with microbial standards. It is these legislative drivers: namely the United States Clean Water Act (USCWA) and European Union Water Framework Directive (EUWFD) which have produced immediate and increasing pressure for high quality science policy support and research within the science community focusing on environmental microbiology.


This area is central to managing water resources at the catchment scale. The best recent evidence of this pivotal position is seen in the summary data produced by USEPA which provide a real-time summary of the reasons for water quality impairments (non-compliance in EU terminology) (Figure 1) and the numbers of resultant TMDLs completed (Figure 2). Nearly all these impairments are due to non-compliance of recreational and shellfish growing waters with faecal coliform regulatory standards designed to protect public health. The US experience offers some 20 years of catchment-scale water quality regulation prior to the implementation of parallel European Union legislation in the form of the EUWFD. The emerging US evidence-base places microbial pollution at the fore-front of water quality concerns and similar prioritisation is likely in Europe where standards also derive largely from WHO Guidelines and publications covering drinking, recreational and shellfish harvesting waters.

The emergence of this policy agenda is placing new challenges on managers of catchment activities from the farming community through to urban waste water treatment authorities. For both groups, microbial pollution is a growing concern. For the livestock farming community, the realisation that livestock contributions of faecal indicators to resource use sites is, first, highly episodic and, second, can exceed catchment-scale human sewage-derived fluxes has been challenging. For the sewage undertakers, the uncomfortable realisation that their traditional suite of regulatory parameters: namely biochemical oxygen demand, suspended sediments and ammoniacal nitrogen; do not provide an indication of microbial flux and certainly do not ensure compliance with microbial standards despite being termed the 'sanitary parameters' by the engineering profession.


2 CATCHMENT-SCALE MICROBIAL FLUX

Kay et al. have defined four principal sources of microbial loadings to rivers and coastal waters, namely:

1. human sewage disposal systems which discharge via pipes known as 'point-source' discharges. These can be further split into:

a....

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