Green energy is essential to the development of a sustainable society but its output can be unstable. It is therefore necessary to develop a network where both conventional and green energy systems cooperate to generate a stable, compound supply. Compound Energy Systems: Optimal Operation Methods describes the construction and operation of compound energy systems using the latest optimization methods. The authors examine the combination of traditional and alternative energy systems, which is becoming an increasingly popular solution to green energy. Important factors such as cost, efficiency and dynamic characteristics are all considered. The green energy sources discussed include fuel cells, bioethanol reformers, geo-thermal heat pumps, solar cells and wind power. This book, a distillation of information only touched upon in other books, is aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students, scientists, engineers and industrialists with an interest in the field.
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Shin'ya Obara is a Professor of Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Kitami Institute of University, Hokaido, Japan. He received B.S. in mechanical engineering from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan in 1987, M.S. in mechanical system from Nagaoka University of Technology, in 1989 and a Ph.D. in mechanical science from Hokkaido University in 2000, while he was working in companies and academic organizations. He worked as a researcher in Department of Mechanical Science of Hokkaido University from 2000-2001. Dr. Shin'ya Obara joined Tomakomai National College of Technology in 2001 after an eight-year period in industry (as engineer and assistant manager for researches, in two different companies, namely Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. and Aisin AW Co., Ltd. in Japan). He was associate professor of Department of Mechanical Engineering of Tomakomai National College between 2001-2007. Moreover, he was professor of Department of Mechanical Engineering of Tomakomai National College in 2008 and Professor of Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Kitami Institute of Technology between 2008 to data. His research has been involved with power and heat energy and operation optimization analyses of energy compound systems and energy efficiency, microgrid technology, energy network system with renewable energy sources. Dr. Obara is author and co-author of over 90 papers on a national and international journal. Arif Hepbasli, having the work life philosophy which is to attain Industry (I), Profession Institutions (P) and University (U), Balanced IPU simultaneously, is a Full Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. He received B.S. (first class honor) in mechanical engineering from Selcuk University (SU), Turkey in 1980, M.S. from Istanbul Technical University of Istanbul (studied one year at the German-Preparation Class of Institution of Higher Education for Foreign Languages, Technical University of Istanbul), Turkey in 1985 and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Selcuk University in 1990, while he was working in industry. He worked as a research assistant in ME Department of Selcuk University from 1982-1986. Dr. Hepbasli joined Ege University in 1996 after a ten-year period in industry (as head engineer, assistant manager for investments and maintenance manager, in three different companies, namely DESA Combustion Systems Manufacturer, AKZO-KEMIPOL Paint Factory and SIMPLOT & BESIKCIOGLU French-fried Processor in Izmir) and a one-year period at Izmir Branch Office of Chamber of Mechanical Engineers as a consultant. He was Vice Director of Solar Energy Institute of Ege University between 1997-2000 and EBILTEM (Ege University Science Technology Application and Research Center) between 2000-2001. His research has been involved with energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analyses of energy systems, energy efficiency and management, fluidized bed combustion systems, ground-source heat pumps, and utilization and potential of renewable energy sources. Dr. Hepbasli is the first Certified Industrial Energy Manager of Turkey (having a certificate from JICA, Japan) as a university lecturer, while he is author and co-author of over 320 papers on a national and international basis. He has chaired and co-chaired many national and international conferences, symposia, workshops and technical meetings. He worked as a Visiting Professor between 2004-2005 at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology in Canada. He has served as a consultant in cases involving his research area and is also a member in the International Advisory Board of five journals on the SCI basis, namely "Energy Sources (Taylor & Francis)", "International Journal of Green Energy", "International Journal of Energy Research (Wiley)", "International Journal of Exergy" and "Energy and Buildings (Elsevier) ".
Green energy is essential to the development of a sustainable society but its output can be unstable. It is therefore necessary to develop a network where both conventional and green energy systems cooperate to generate a stable, compound supply. Compound Energy Systems: Optimal Operation Methods describes the construction and operation of compound energy systems using the latest optimization methods. The authors examine the combination of traditional and alternative energy systems, which is becoming an increasingly popular solution to green energy. Important factors such as cost, efficiency and dynamic characteristics are all considered. The green energy sources discussed include fuel cells, bioethanol reformers, geo-thermal heat pumps, solar cells and wind power. This book, a distillation of information only touched upon in other books, is aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students, scientists, engineers and industrialists with an interest in the field.
Chapter 1 Background Shin'ya Obara, 1,
Chapter 2 Operation Analysis of a Compound Energy System – Exhaust Heat Use Plan when Connecting Solar Modules to a Fuel Cell Network Shin'ya Obara, 5,
Chapter 3 Operation of Compound Energy System – Fuel Cell Network System Considering Reduction in Fuel Cell Capacity Shin'ya Obara, 31,
Chapter 4 Power-Independent House Using PEFC – Operation Plan of a Combined Fuel Cell Cogeneration, Solar Module, and Geothermal Heat Pump System Shin'ya Obara, 52,
Chapter 5 PEFC/Engine Generator Compound Energy System (1) – CO2 Discharge Characteristic of PEFC/ Hydrogen-Gas-Engine Hybrid Cogeneration Shin'ya Obara, 74,
Chapter 6 PEFC/Engine Generator Compound Energy System (2)–Power-Generation E.ciency of an Independent Microgrid Composed of Distributed Engine Generators Shin'ya Obara, 102,
Chapter 7 PEFC/Green Energy Compound System (1) – Operation Planning of a PEFC and Photovoltaics with Prediction of Electricity Production Using GA and Numerical Weather Information Shin'ya Obara, 125,
Chapter 8 PEFC/Green Energy Compound System (2) – Overall E.ciency of a PEFC with a Bioethanol Solar Reforming System for Individual Houses Shin'ya Obara, 145,
Chapter 9 PEFC/Green Energy Compound System (3) – Fuel Cell Microgrid with Wind-Power Generation Shin'ya Obara, 169,
Chapter 10 Solar Cell/Diesel Engine Compound System with Production-of-Electricity Prediction Shin'ya Obara, 185,
Chapter 11 Dynamic Characteristics of Power for PEFC Compound System Shin'ya Obara, 208,
Chapter 12 Performance Analysis and Assessment of Compound Energy Systems Using Exergy Analysis Method Arif Hepbasli, 230,
Subject Index, 260,
Background
SHIN'YA OBARA
1.1 Distributed Energy System
Distributed energy systems with sustainable energy operation have been widely discussed recently from the point of view reducing the environmental impact of society. In these setups, the operation optimization program installed in the controller of a combined system is the most important aspect of the technology for determining the performance of the system. However, because an output prediction for the green energy contribution to the system is required, the dynamic operation plan of a system that combines conventional energy equipment (for example, a diesel engine, a gas engine, a fuel cell, etc.) and green-energy equipment can be very difficult to design. In this work, we use a neural network (NN) to obtain output predictions for a solar cell. Weather data from the past 14 years (amount of solar radiation and outside temperature) is fed into the learning process of the NN. This NN production-of-electricity prediction algorithm (PAS) was developed by the author and is described in ref. 5. In this book, details of a compound energy system with the power prediction algorithm of green energy like the PAS are described.
Power fluctuations are known to occur in systems that utilize green energy on an independent microgrid and that experience large or rapid changes in load. Given this, power storage equipment must be introduced and the dynamic characteristics of the microgrid must be improved. Due largely to the proliferation of hybrid vehicles and the like, the cost and performance of batteries have recently improved remarkably. With this in mind, this book investigates algorithms for the operation planning of a microgrid that combines conventional energy equipment, a solar cell and a battery. Since a microgrid is typically built up of two or more energy systems, we have to solve a nonlinear problem with many variables. Therefore, this book shows the operation condition of generating equipment in chromosome code, and describes how to optimize operation for a compound energy system using a genetic algorithm (GA).
1.2 Independent Microgrid
The introduction to an urban area of a microgrid has the following advantages: (a) The heat transport distance is short and effective use of the exhaust heat of the generating equipment is possible; (b) The optimal facility for the energy demand characteristic of a community is installed, and a system having small environmental impact can be built; and (c) With an independent microgrid, the scale of equipment for distributing electricity is small. Furthermore, (d) Connecting renewable energy considering regionality is expected to be an advanced system in microgrid technology. At present, the method of a microgrid interconnecting with commercial power, etc. is investigated (interconnect microgrid).10 However, in order to achieve the advantages of (a) to (d) described above, it is necessary to operate a microgrid independently. The subjects of the independent microgrid are backup in the case of overload, and securing power quality (voltage and frequency). Furthermore, it is necessary to clarify the power-generation efficiency, the carbon-dioxide emissions, and the power cost of an independent microgrid. An improvement in power-generation efficiency is expected from the independent microgrid using a fuel cell compared with conventional electric power-supply technology. However, for the moment, fuel cells are expensive, and whether they will spread is not clear. As for a fuel-cell-independent microgrid, power-generation efficiency and carbon-dioxide emissions are expected to be advantageous compared with existing generating equipment. However, because the fuel cell is expensive, it is difficult to install the capacity corresponding to a load peak. Consequently, there is a case of operation that limits operation of a fuel cell to a highly efficient load region. The hydrogenation technology of a city gas engine is effective concerning efficiency falls and increases in carbon-dioxide emissions at the time of partial load. The power-generation system using a city gas engine with generator (NEG) is cheap compared with the fuel cell. Therefore, this book describes the investigation method of the power-generation efficiency and carbon-dioxide emissions in case of connecting NEG and PEFC (proton-exchange membrane fuel cell) to a microgrid.
1.3 Distribution Plan of Energy System
PEFC and SOFC (solid-oxide fuel cell) may develop as a power plant. These fuel cells have the advantage that they are highly efficient and have little environmental impact. However, these fuel cells are expensive, and the system is complex. It may be possible to reduce the number of expensive fuel cells that need to be installed by connecting the fuel cell to a microgrid and supplying power to two or more buildings. If the energy of the overall grid is supplied by one set of fuel cells (central system), the facility costs will be reduced considerably. Past work has examined the method of supplying power to a water electrolyzer and hydrogen and oxygen fuel storage methods. Another study looked at controlling the number of units that divide a fuel cell and a reformer, finding that the system efficiency falls when operated at partial load. In addition, energy-storage methods, such as batteries and flywheels, have been considered, though this equipment is not introduced in this book. Energy storage methods must consider power fluctuations in the microgrid affecting how the fuel cell is controlled. Although this is an...
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