Recent discussions among scientists and policy-makers have highlighted that knowledge generated by many research and demonstration projects is not reaching policymakers in an efficient way. Conversely, the consideration of research results by the policy making community is not straightforward, and difficulties arise in integrating the latest research developments in legislation. The difficulty is enhanced by the fact that the policy-making community is not defining its role as "client" sufficiently well and the dialogue and communication channels are far from ideal to ensure an efficient flow of information. An increasing number of experts consider that improvements could be achieved through the development of a "science-policy interface" so that R&D results are synthesised in a way to efficiently feed policy implementation and that short, medium and long term research needs may be identified. This book examines the issue of integrating science into policy, with an emphasis on water system knowledge and related policies. An important feature of the book is the discussion of science-policy interfacing needs, illustrated by examples from authors from different countries in relation to water system management. This publication is timely in that the science-policy interfacing is now identified as a key challenge worldwide with regard to integrated water resource management, and therefore the book will be of great interest to scientists, water managers and stakeholders. Readers will also benefit from a better understanding of the needs, benefits and drawbacks of an established transfer mechanism of scientific outputs to policies.
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Philippe QUEVAUVILLER is a member of the Water & Marine Unit of the EC Environment Directorate-General where he is responsible for the development and implementation of a new Groundwater Directive which will complement the existing water policy framework. He has worked as a researcher in marine geochemistry for over 20 years during which he has published more than 200 papers in the international literature and several books linked to environmental quality measurements. He is also a part-time professor at the K.U. Leuven teaching "water quality and treatment".
Recent discussions among scientists and policy-makers have highlighted that knowledge generated by many research and demonstration projects is not reaching policymakers in an efficient way. Conversely, the consideration of research results by the policy making community is not straightforward, and difficulties arise in integrating the latest research developments in legislation. The difficulty is enhanced by the fact that the policy-making community is not defining its role as "client" sufficiently well and the dialogue and communication channels are far from ideal to ensure an efficient flow of information. An increasing number of experts consider that improvements could be achieved through the development of a "science-policy interface" so that R&D results are synthesised in a way to efficiently feed policy implementation and that short, medium and long term research needs may be identified. This book examines the issue of integrating science into policy, with an emphasis on water system knowledge and related policies. An important feature of the book is the discussion of science-policy interfacing needs, illustrated by examples from authors from different countries in relation to water system management. This publication is timely in that the science-policy interfacing is now identified as a key challenge worldwide with regard to integrated water resource management, and therefore the book will be of great interest to scientists, water managers and stakeholders. Readers will also benefit from a better understanding of the needs, benefits and drawbacks of an established transfer mechanism of scientific outputs to policies.
List of Contributors, xxviii,
Section 1 General Introduction,
Chapter 1.1 Reflections on Fundamental and Policy-oriented Research of Water System Knowledge over the Past 25 Years André van der Beken, 3,
Chapter 1.2 Bridging the Gaps between Science and Policy: A Review of the Evidence and some Principles for Effective Action John Holmes and Alister Scott, 15,
Chapter 1.3 Research into Practice – An Organisational Learning Perspective Judy Payne, 36,
Chapter 1.4 General Features of the EU Water Policy and Related Scientific Framework Philippe Quevauviller, Christos Fragakis and Panagiotis Balabanis, 52,
Chapter 1.5 Developing the Evidence Base for Integrated Catchment Management: Challenges and Opportunities Ben Surridge, Alison Holt and Bob Harris, 63,
Chapter 1.6 Analysis of EC Framework Programme and LIFE Projects for their Relevance to the Water Framework Directive Kees J. M. Kramer and Xenia Schneider, 101,
Chapter 1.7 WFD Economics and the Science-Policy Interface: Status and Perspectives Eduard Interwies and Ilke Borowski, 117,
Section 2 Interfacing Science and Policy in the Context of Selected RTD Projects,
Chapter 2.1 SKEP Network: Facilitating Improvements in Science into Policy Process Simon Gardner, Eeva Furman, Paula Kivimaa, Pirjo Kuuppo, Hanna Mela, Päivi Korpinen, Erik Fellenius, Jennie Savgård and John Holmes, 137,
Chapter 2.2 Evolution of Methods to Link Science and Policy: The Experience of EUPOL Antony Chapman, Adriaan F.L. Slob, Marc Rijnveld and Corinne Merly, 153,
Chapter 2.3 Science-Policy Interfacing in the CA Project RISKBASE Jos Brils, 165,
Chapter 2.4 Narrowing the Science-Policy Gap – Experience from the Harmoni-CA Concerted Action Michiel W. Blind, Jens Christian Refsgaard, Ilke Borowski and Willem J. De Lange, 181,
Chapter 2.5 The OpenMI – Science Responding to Policy, Industry and Events Roger V. Moore, 200,
Chapter 2.6 Stakeholder Responsive Research as an Approach to Support Adaptive Integrated Water Management: Examples from the NeWater Project Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Britta Kastens, Ilke Borowski and Darya Hirsch, 226,
Section 3 Links to Water National or Regional Reseach, Policies and Management,
Chapter 3.1 Building a National Strategy on Science–Policy Interface in Support of Water Policies – The Case of France Marie-Perrine Durot and Patrick Flammarion, 245,
Chapter 3.2 Links to Water National or Regional Research, Policies and Management – IWRM-Net Natacha Amorsi, Peter Allen-Williams, Michiel Blind, Daniela Hohenwallner, Irene Huber, Xavier Lafon, Stephen Midgley and Daniela Past, 255,
Chapter 3.3 Linking Water Science to Policy: A Canadian Experience Karl A. Schaefer, Alex T. Bielak and Leah E. Brannen, 281,
Chapter 3.4 ECOBAG – A Regional Science/Water Policies Interface Philippe Vervier, Jérôme Depasse, Michel Combarnous, Hugues Ayphassorho, Martine Gaeckler and Marc Jarry, 293,
Section 4 Communication and Education Needs, 305,
Chapter 4.1 General Introduction on Communication and Education Needs Philippe Quevauviller, 305,
Chapter 4.2 WISE-RTD – A Portal for Science & Technology Transfer to Policy Making & Implementation in Integrated Water Resources Management Willem J. De Lange, Jurgen Plyson, Patrick Willems, Thomas Vansteenkiste, Frank Provost, Fred Hatterman, Guido Vaes and Patrick Swartenbroeckx, 310,
Chapter 4.3 EUGRIS – More Than a Database Jörg Frauenstein, Paul Bardos and Antony Chapman, 333,
Chapter 4.4 EuroAquae and its Links to RTD (Research & Technological Development) & Management Philippe Gourbesville and Jean A. Cunge, 347,
Chapter 4.5 Inserting the Multi-lingual Urban Designer into the Water Discussion Skye Duncan, 370,
Section 5 Summary, Way Forward and Conclusions,
Chapter 5.1 Concept of Interfacing and Perspectives Philippe Quevauviller, Philippe Vervier and Marie-Perrine Durot, 393,
Chapter 5.2 Role of Translator in Science-Policy Interfacing Antony Chapman, Philippe Quevauviller, Willem J. De Lange and Philippe Vervier, 400,
Chapter 5.3 Lessons Learnt and the Way Forward Philippe Quevauviller, Patrick Swartenbroeckx, Kees J. M. Kramer, Michiel W. Blind and Marie-Perrine Durot, 414,
Subject Index, 423,
Reflections on Fundamental and Policy-oriented Research of Water System Knowledge over the Past 25 Years
ANDRÉ VAN DER BEKEN
F. Laurentplein 45, 9000 Gent, Belgium
1.1.1 Introduction
In philosophy, reflection means thinking in context, by experience and with a view of evaluation and decision. Since thinking is linked to the language and the meaning of its words, a correct understanding of the words is essential, especially in scientific communication. Hence, it is necessary to start with a few definitions, or at least descriptions, of the words and terms used in this reflection on water system science within a perspective of science–policy interfacing.
Scientific research, policy and management are different fields of human endeavor, each with their own objectives, methodologies, dynamics, finality and evaluation. In this chapter we focus on scientific research of the water system. Scientific research – in short "research" – relates to "science," defined as a set of well-established laws or theories and methodologies in a given domain or discipline. The wording "investigation" is more appropriate for examining non-scientific matters. The wording "water system" refers to the interconnected and complex arrangement of all components of the hydrological cycle, including its relation to human activities of all kinds. Both system approach and operations research or system design are methodologies commonly applied to the water system: the former being a mathematical approach to the study of the components and how the system will behave under various conditions and leading to "integrated water resources management;" the latter being the study of objectives and how to accomplish them most efficiently, leading to so-called "decision support systems."
It must be recognized that water research and water policy and management are not activities with an end in themselves: water research serves scientific progress and thus has an indirect impact on society, while water policy and management serve society directly.
1.1.2 Policy, Management and Knowledge
It is important to distinguish between policy and management:
• policy is legislation (i.e. elaborated and adopted by institutions), regulations, strategy and choices, selections and decisions taken by policy-makers (i.e. government) within the limits of the legislation.
• management is the preparation of choices (scenario building) for policy implementation, elaboration of rules, procedures, methods or specifications that will be put into effect by legislation and regulations at policy level, implementation of decisions taken at policy level, making decisions (and their implementation) on the management level, supervision and monitoring, maintenance and renewal of resources, including human resources (i.e. continuing education and training, professional development of personnel); management also includes...
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