JEU DE MASSACRE GAME OF MASSACRE

An Anarcho-Communist Print Portfolio by Fred Deltor (Federico Antonio Carasso) ARTICLE BY STEPHEN GODDARD

Around 1930 a remarkable portfolio of anarchical prints, Jeu de Massacre. 12 Personnages à la Recherche d'une Boule (Game of Massacre: 12 Figures Looking for a Ball), was published in Brussels by Les Éditions Socialistes. The artist's name is given as Fred Deltor, a pseudonym for Federico Antonio Carasso (1899–1969), an Italian-born sculptor and furniture carver. The pseudonym "Deltor" is contrived from "Del Torino" (from Turin), the artist's native province in Italy. I will refer to the artist as Carasso throughout this essay.

Jeu de massacre is generally given in English as the game of Aunt Sally, which is fully described in the 1911 edition of The Encyclopaedia Britannica:

Aunt Sally, the English name for a game popular at fairs, race-courses and summer resorts. It consists in throwing hard balls, of wood or leather-covered yarn, at puppets dressed to represent different characters, originally a grotesque female figure called "Aunt Sally," with the object of smashing a clay pipe which is inserted either in the mouth or forehead of the puppet. In France the game is popular under the name jeu de massacre.

Carasso's portfolio comprises a printed clamshell cover (pg. 6); twelve sheets printed in the stencil technique known as "pochoir" (pgs. 14-25); a list of the plates in French, Dutch, German, English, Russian, Italian, and Esperanto (pg. 9); and a preface by the French communist and novelist, Henri Barbusse, written in the manner of a sideshow barker (pg. 13, see appendix for full text and translation). Barbusse is best known as the author of Le Feu (Under Fire) — the highly acclaimed anti-military novel based on Barbusse's experiences in World War I.

The twelve pochoir prints depict twelve puppet-like figures who are targets of anarcho-communism, and are all "looking for a ball" — they are ready to be set up on a stage, like that depicted on the cover of the portfolio, and to be struck down in a game of Jeu de Massacre. The twelve figures are described here in English:

Military is a bullet-headed, shark-toothed, uniformed figure brandishing a scimitar whose prosthetic (or skeletonized) left leg seems tangled in barbed wire.

Property wears a black suit and is embellished with gold coins and a landlord's key. He towers above an apartment building and a factory.

Philanthropy has a chest in the form of a bank vault full of cash and tosses a single coin toward a cadaverous figure (lacking an arm and a leg) in front of a hospital.

Social democracy is a two-faced figure who wields the attributes of both royalty and communism.

Justice is surmounted by a figure whose head is a gold coin and who tips her scales with his feet.

Colonization wears clothing whose patterns evoke slavery and brandishes a whip in one hand and a pistol in the other.

Fascism is garbed with a skull and bones motif as well as the colors of the Italian flag. He holds a club in one hand and an impaled head in the other. Fascism further presses one knee against the bars of a jail that holds Italy captive.

Police spy holds out a pair of handcuffs. His body is constructed in part by a monolithic building topped by a jail; and his head is outfitted with a huge ear and numerous eyes that glance up and down, right and left.

Parliament is lame and ridiculous, to judge by his harlequin's garb, crutch and single wheel.

Middle-spirit [petty-bourgeois] wears a suit that is part formal and part frivolous. He raises his eyebrows disinterestedly, enumerating time and numbers from his clock-face chest and his counting fingers.

Religion is supported by wealth and wears a devilish heart-shaped red mask, or, in Barbusse's words, a demagogical heart [see appendix].

Patriotism eats £100,000 and waves the French flag while defecating in a chamber pot decorated with the French colors.

Like Barbusse, Carasso's political stance began to take shape in the course of the First World War. Carasso was called up for military service in 1916 or 1917. After his initial training he was transferred to Rome, where he and a friend led an uprising in protest of the bad conditions in the barracks. This event led to both young men being exiled to Libya, where Carasso witnessed the brutality of war firsthand. After the conclusion of the war, the artist's early engagement with activism and radical thinking was enlarged by his involvement with the socialist weekly L'Ordine Nuovo (The New Order) and his engagement with the Communist Party. When Mussolini rose to power in 1922, Carasso realized it was time for him to leave Italy, moving first to Paris and then, in 1928, to Mechelen, Belgium. He found work in both cities as a furniture carver.

As Geraart Westerink has established, Carasso was quick to make contact with the artistic and literary avant-garde in Belgium, where he met the prominent artists Frits van den Berghe, Gustav van de Woestijne, and Victor Servranckx, as well as the writer Gustave van Hecke, editor of the socialist newspaper Vooruit and promoter of several progressive journals such as Variétés, Arts, and Le Centaure. It was at this time and in this milieu that Carasso fashioned the meticulously crafted Jeu de Massacre. By 1932 Carasso was sought by the police for his activism and communist connections, no doubt exacerbated by Barbusse's introduction to Jeu de Massacre, and he went into hiding in the coastal town of Blankenberge. Not long after, however, Carasso became increasingly apolitical, and he was able to make a clean break with his activist past upon moving to Amsterdam in 1933. Just prior to his departure Carasso's friends helped realize a successful exhibition of his work in Brussels, where, under the name of Fred Deltor, it was displayed along with the work of James Ensor.

In Holland, Carasso became a member of the Nederlandse Kring van Beeldhouwers (Dutch Society of Sculptors). In 1947 he was commissioned to make a sculpture for the Amsterdam Olympic stadium in memory of athletes who had died in World War II, and in 1956 he was appointed professor of sculpture at the Jan van Eyck Academy in Maastricht, a position he held until his death in 1969.

Stylistically Carasso's figures betray a knowledge of many of the important international impulses associated with progressive art organizations, periodicals, and movements of the 1920s, such as De Stijl (Holland), Het Overzicht...