The Hunting and Gathering Period from 200,000 to 10,000 Years Ago with Handheld (Tarp) Food Distribution and Defining the Nine Pillars for Humanity

Dear Reader,

(1) I offer you a challenge. In the following pages I will send you traveling at a racing speed through history. You will start from the very dawn of civilization until today and follow the human evolution from a grunting animal walking on two legs to a modern citizen of a democratic, open society, with freedom and equal rights for all

(2) I will start with a description of the genetically coded instincts of the human cell in order to explain nine fundamental human rights derived from these instincts. These nine pillars of humanity will be defined from the hunting and gathering period, even if some of them can just be discerned at this time. The "Nine" will be followed through history, how they fared under different governments and how eventually they evolved to become necessary for all modern societies.

(3) The government in Sumeria, historical Mesopotamia, or modern Iraq, will be described first. After Sumeria I will not dwell on the history of each Sumeric-like nation. The Sumeric-like countries in Africa, Early America, China and Japan, despite their long and interesting history, are, from this standpoint, not pertinent. Only when they deviate from the first Sumeric Government formula are they germane.

(4) Brace yourself! I will challenge any prejudices you might have. This has been fun for me to write; I hope it will be equally fun for you to read.

(5) I have to start with some technical medical talks but don't panic. It will be very short.

(6) Much of what everybody wants to accomplish in life comes from two basic instincts baked into our genes: the urges for self-preservation and propagation, with the best possible chance of survival for the offspring. These two fundamental instincts, we — human beings, the species Homo sapiens — have in common with all animals and even plants. It has been postulated that the original mitochondrial DNA, for short mtDNA or the mitochondrial organ, was a bacteria that many millions of years ago invaded a cell and has promoted its own survival by its evolutionary mutations just like any modern virus invades cells, takes over and directs a cell's life. Evolutionary changes in the mitochondrial organ create new species or adaptation of the species to its environment. If a new species is efficient within its environment, the species will survive; if not, it will die. If a new species is unable to adapt to changes in its environment, the species will die out over time. Evolution can therefore take two directions: lead to totally different species or lead to different kinds of closely related species, like two different ape forms.

(7) The mitochondrial organ forms a rugby ball shaped membrane that floats in the cell fluid around the nucleus of every living cell. Protein in the mitochondrion and proteins in the nucleus form genes that are chains of four amino acids: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thiamine. The order in which these amino acids stack up within genes determines the chemical message for the activities in the cell. The mitochondrion is the organ that is transferred from one cell to another in order to grow specific tissues for transplants, for in vitro fertilization, or to create clones.

(8) The main portion of the mitochondrion has remained unchanged since 200,000-150,000 years back, unchanged from generation to generation for at least some 6000 generations (allowing 25 years for each generation) (Rebecca Cann et al: Nature 329, 1987). It can with confidence be stated that the basic physiological and psychological security needs of humans have remained the same since that time.

(9) The mitochondrion ring has a neutral zone within which mutations can occur without causing new species or diseases. These mutations occur more often and with some statistical regularity, on average, one every 10,000 years. This has been established by several different methods, but one is by simply counting mutations in archeological finds of a known age, as in the 12,000-year-old find from the Gough's cave in Bath, England.

(10) The female sex chromosome (X) is part of the chromosome-setup of both the male (X+Y) chromosome and female (X+X) chromosome of the cell nucleus. Unique for the mitochondrial organ is that it always follows the female sex chromosome (X), controlling the species its germ cell will grow into for both its male or female fertilized eggs. A germ cell is a fertilized egg during its first twenty-four divisions, before an embryo has been defined.

(11) The neutral mitochondrial area can be used to identify family-clans, that is, to determine both when the mutation first occurred in that clan and where the original mother for that clan lived. The more mutations, the older is the clan with a given pattern; the more present inhabitants with that mother's certain pattern of mutations that live within a certain area, the more likely the original clan-mother also used to live there, some thousands of years ago.

(12) Bryan Sykes, Professor of Human Genetics, and his colleagues at the Oxford University, have mapped out the origin and present distribution of the world population based on information from the neutral mitochondrial area in Sykes' fascinating book, The Seven Daughters of Eve (2001, ISBN 0-393-32314-5). He has identified the universal mother, the "Mitochondrial Eve," for the clan that eventually populated the whole world. She might have lived somewhere in Kenya or Ethiopia some 150,000 years ago. Of the 13 clans that have survived in present Africa, only one moved out of Africa by Sinai 50,000 years ago, and formed new clans: seven for Europe between 45,000 and 15,000 years ago, four for America 12,000 years ago, and nine for the rest of the world. The Nine Pillars of Humanity will be tested from the time of Mitochondrial Eve, through history, until today.

(13) The evolutionary hominid species (human-like individuals walking on two legs) was created some five to seven million years ago. Four fundamental pillars or primary instincts of any hominid species may be established already from this time: to live close to water and food resources, to build shelters for their offspring, to communicate by simple sounds, and to live in groups for security and common defense (Richard Klein). All four of these needs we, Homo sapiens, have in common with all ape-like societies.

(14) The genome-mapping project has identified a gene for speech. When this female mutation occurred is not known but now a human being could name things, name...