Guide to the Grading of Structural Timbers and the Determination of Working Stresses (Classic Reprint) - Softcover

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Excerpt from Guide to the Grading of Structural Timbers and the Determination of Working Stresses

Holes may be caused by the dropping out of knots; by the peck to which some species, principally Cypress, are subject; by insects and worms that attack wood; or by tools used in handling logs or timbers. The effect of knot holes or of loose or encased knots is' likely to be less than that of tightly intergrown knots of the same size because of the usually lesser deviation of grain. The effect of holes from other causes is due principally to the absence of wood and the cutting across of fibers, and as such holes do not cause deviations of grain, the effect is less than that of knots of the same sizes.

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