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1. A Brief History of Microscopy.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Corrections for Aberrations.- 1.3. Dark-Field Microscopy.- 1.4. Polarizing Microscope.- 1.5. The Short History of Electron Microscopes.- 1.6. Brief History of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).- 1.7. The Electron-Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA).- 1.8. History of Field-Emission Microscopes.- 1.9. Scanning Acoustic Microscopy.- 2. Definitions, Attributes Contributing to Visibility, and Principles.- 2.1. Definitions and Attributes Contributing to Visibility.- 2.2. Principles in Terms of Attributes.- 2.2.1. Thought, Memory, and Imagination.- 2.2.2. Resolving Power.- 2.2.3. Resolution.- 2.2.4. Contrast Perception.- 2.2.5. Refractive Aberrations.- 2.2.6. Cleanliness and Orderliness.- 2.2.7. Depth of Focus.- 2.2.8. Focus.- 2.2.9. Illumination.- 2.2.10. Radiation.- 2.2.11. Anisotropy.- 2.2.12. Magnification.- 2.2.13. Field of View.- 2.2.14. Antiglare Devices.- 2.2.15. Cues to Depth.- 2.2.16. Working Distance.- 2.2.17. Depth of Field.- 2.2.18. Structure of the Specimen.- 2.2.19. Morphology of the Specimen.- 2.2.20. Information about the Specimen.- 2.2.21. Experimentation.- 2.2.22. Preparation of the Specimen.- 2.2.23. Behavior of the Specimen.- 2.2.24. Photomicrography.- 2.3. Summary.- 3. Simple and Compound Microscopes.- 3.1. The Limiting Resolution.- 3.2. Simple Microscope: One Lens System.- 3.3. Compound Microscope: Two or More Lens Systems.- 3.4. Stereo Compound Microscopes.- 3.5. The Biological Microscope.- 3.5.1. Attitudes.- 3.5.2. Experience.- 3.5.3. Learning and Teaching.- 3.5.4. Resolving Power.- 3.5.5. Resolution.- 3.5.6. Contrast.- 3.5.7. Corrections for Aberrations.- 3.5.8. Cleanliness.- 3.5.9. Depth of Focus.- 3.5.10. Focusing.- 3.5.11. Illumination.- 3.5.12. Radiation.- 3.5.13. Anisotropy.- 3.5.14. Magnification.- 3.5.15. Field of View.- 3.5.16. Antiglare.- 3.5.17. Cues to Depth.- 3.5.18. Depth of Field.- 3.5.19. Working Distance.- 3.5.20. Structure of the Specimen.- 3.5.21. Morphology of the Specimen.- 3.5.22. Information about the Specimen.- 3.5.23. Experimentation.- 3.5.24. Preparation of the Specimen.- 3.5.25. Behavior of the Specimen.- 3.5.26. Photomicrography.- 3.6. Summary.- 4. Compound Microscopes Using Reflected Light.- 4.1. Study of Surfaces by Reflected Light.- 4.2. Resolving Power.- 4.3. Contrast.- 4.4. Corrections for Aberrations.- 4.5. Cleanliness of the Specimen.- 4.6. Depth of Focus.- 4.7. Role of Focus.- 4.8. Illumination.- 4.9. Radiation.- 4.10. Magnification.- 4.11. Field of View.- 4.12. Problems of Glare.- 4.13. Cue to Depth.- 4.14. Depth of Field.- 4.15. Working Distance.- 4.16. Study of Structure.- 4.17. Study of Morphology.- 4.18. Information about the Specimen.- 4.19. Experimentation.- 4.20. Behavior of the Specimen.- 4.21. Preparation of the Specimen.- 4.22. Photomicrographic Techniques.- 4.23. Summary.- 5. Microscopy with Polarized Light.- 5.1. The Overhead Projector.- 5.2. Anisotropy.- 5.3. Numerical Aperture and Interference Figures.- 5.4. Resolution: Interaction of Specimen and Polarized Light.- 5.5. Contrast: Michel-Levy Interference Chart.- 5.5.1. Retardation Plates.- 5.5.2. Thickness of the Specimen.- 5.6. Correction for Aberrations Due to Strain.- 5.7. Cleanliness: Freedom from Interference Films.- 5.8. Depth of Focus.- 5.9. Focus.- 5.10. Illumination.- 5.11. Radiation.- 5.12. Magnification.- 5.13. Field of View of an Interference Figure.- 5.14. Glare.- 5.15. Cues to Depth.- 5.16. Depth of Field.- 5.17. Working Distance.- 5.18. Structure of the Specimen.- 5.19. Morphology of the Specimen.- 5.20. Information about the Specimen.- 5.21. Experimentation.- 5.22. Behavior of the Specimen.- 5.23. Preparation of the Specimen.- 5.24. Photography.- 5.25. Summary.- 6. The Microscopical Properties of Fibers.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. The Eight Optical Properties of Fibers.- 6.3. Molecular Anisotropy.- 6.4. Anisotropy: Molecular Orientation and Organization.- 6.5. Transparent Sheets, Foils, and Films.- 6.6. Summary.- 7. Microscopical Propertie
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