Psychology: A Behavioral Overview - Softcover

Inhaltsangabe

1: The Study of Behavior.- What Is Psychology?.- A Brief History of Behaviorism.- The Behavioral Perspective.- Defining Behavior.- Three Myths Concerning Behaviorism.- 2: Science and Psychology.- Characteristics of Science.- Inadequate Explanations of Behavior.- Psychological Theories.- Objections to a Science of Behavior.- Science and Pseudoscience.- 3: Research Methods.- What Is Research?.- General Research Strategies.- Naturalistic Observation.- Correlational Research.- Case Studies.- Experimentation.- Relations among Variables.- Internal and External Validity.- Experimental Designs.- Experimental Questions.- Six Steps in Experimentation.- Within-Subject Designs: An Example.- Between-Subjects Designs: An Example.- Data Analysis: Type 1 and Type 2 Errors.- 4: Evolution and Behavior.- Historical Overview.- Natural Selection.- Genetics.- DNA and the Genetic Code.- Genetic Mutation.- Genetic Variation.- Evolution in Action.- Evolution of Behavior.- The Inheritance of Behavior.- Interpreting Heritability.- Nature and Nurture.- Behaviorism and Inherited Behavior.- Human Evolutionary (Phylogenetic) Development.- Hominid Evolutionary Development.- 5: Physiology and Behavior.- Sensation.- Vision.- Audition.- Gustation.- Olfaction.- The Skin Senses.- The Body Senses.- Sensation versus Perception.- Neurons.- Structure and Function of Neurons.- The Nerve Impulse.- The Synapse.- The Peripheral Nervous System.- The Somatic Nervous System.- The Autonomic Nervous System.- The Central Nervous System.- The Spinal Cord.- The Brain.- Cerebral Structure and Function.- Hemispheric Specialization.- Effectors.- Muscles.- Glands.- Neuroscience and Psychology.- Physiology and a Science of Behavior.- 6: Learning.- Respondent Conditioning.- Unconditioned Reflexes.- Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing and Conditioned Reflexes.- Higher Order Conditioning.- Quantifying Respondent Behaviors.- Temporal Relations.- Respondent Extinction.- Respondent Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination.- The Importance of Respondent Behavior.- Operant Conditioning.- Reinforcement.- Classifying Reinforcers.- The Opportunity to Behave as a Reinforcer.- Motivational Variables.- Operant Extinction.- Intermittent Reinforcement.- Stimulus Control.- Conceptual Behavior and Functional Equivalence.- Shaping and Chaining.- Punishment.- Rule-Governed Behavior.- The Importance of Operant Conditioning.- 7: Language, Consciousness, and Memory.- Language.- Chomsky's Analysis of Language.- A Behavioral Analysis of Language.- Stages of Prespeech Development.- Linguistic Development.- Linguistic Input.- The Physiology of Speech.- The Brain.- Why Is Language Important?.- Consciousness.- Consciousness and Verbal Behavior.- Self-Awareness.- The Role of Awareness in Learning.- Memory.- A Behavioral Perspective.- Some Memory Phenomena.- A Cognitive Perspective.- The Information-Processing Model.- Summary.- 8: Child Development.- Conception and Prenatal Development.- Stages of Development.- Effects of the External Environment on Prenatal Development.- Genetic Abnormalities.- Birth and Postnatal Development.- Neurological Development.- Motor Development.- Body Management.- Mobility.- Visual Development.- Basic Visual Abilities of Infants.- Perception of Depth.- Cognitive Behavioral Development: Piaget's Analysis.- Cognitive Structure and Processes.- Periods of Cognitive Development.- Evaluation of Piaget's Theory.- The Development of Social Behavior.- Development of Attachment.- Theories of Attachment.- Emotional Development.- Physiological Arousal.- Motivation.- Intelligence and Its Development.- 9: Personality.- A Psychoanalytic Theory.- Motivation.- Structure.- Defense Mechanisms.- Personality Development.- Personality Assessment.- Are Freudian Explanations of Behavior Adequate?.- A Humanistic Theory.- Motivation.- Personality Development and Structure.- Incongruence.- Personality Assessment.- Are Rogersian Explanations of Behavior Adequate?.- A Constitutional Theory.- Structure.- Behavior.- Soma

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