Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy - Softcover

Inhaltsangabe

1. Galactic Nonthermal Continuum Emission.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 Historical Preface.- 1.1.2 Early Surveys of Galactic Radio Emission.- a. Angular Distribution of the Cosmic Radio Waves.- b. Spectral Distribution of the Cosmic Radio Waves.- c. The Situation Circa-1956.- 1.2 Physical Processes.- 1.2.1 Synchrotron Radiation.- a. Single Particle Emission.- b. Radiation from an Ensemble of Particles.- c. Influence of the Medium.- 1.2.2 The Faraday Effect.- 1.3 Total Intensity Observations of the Galactic Radio Continuum.- 1.3.1 The Medium-Resolution Surveys.- 1.3.2 High-Resolution Surveys of the Galactic Plane.- 1.3.3 The Galactic Loops and Spurs.- 1.3.4 The Nonthermal Radiation and Galactic Structure.- 1.3.5 Galactic Radio Halo?.- 1.4 The Spectrum of the Nonthermal Emission.- 1.4.1 The Galactic Spectrum Above 10 MHz.- 1.4.2 The Very-Low-Frequency Spectrum.- 1.4.3 The Energy Spectrum of Cosmic-Ray Electrons.- 1.5 Linear Polarization of the Nonthermal Emission.- 1.5.1 Surveys of Linear Polarization of the Galactic Emission.- 1.5.2 Implications for the Local Magnetic Field.- 1.5.3 Magnetic Fields in the Galactic Loops.- 1.5.4 Rotation Measure Data and the Galactic Magnetic Field.- 1.6 The Galactic Nonthermal Radiation in Perspective.- Recommended Reading.- References.- 2. HII Regions and Radio Recombination Lines.- 2.1 Ionized Interstellar Hydrogen.- 2.1.1 Emission Nebulae.- 2.1.2 Diffuse Thermal Background.- 2.2 Radiation Transfer.- 2.3 Continuum Thermal Emission (Bremsstrahlung).- 2.3.1 Absorption and Emission Coefficients.- 2.3.2 Transfer Equation for Continuum Radiation.- 2.3.3 Low-Frequency Radiation from HII Regions.- 2.3.4 High-Frequency Radiation from HII Regions.- 2.3.5 Integrated Observations of HII Regions.- 2.3.6 Reality and the "Homogeneous Nebula" Approximation.- 2.3.7 Continuum Observations of HII Regions.- 2.3.8 Thermal Emission from Dust.- 2.4 Basic Theory of Radio Recombination Lines.- 2.4.1 Line Frequencies.- 2.4.2 Shape Function.- 2.4.3 Absorption and Emission Coefficients.- 2.4.4 Transfer Equation for Line Radiation.- 2.5 Refinements to the Transfer Equations.- 2.5.1 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium.- 2.5.2 Departures from LTE.- 2.5.3 Turbulence Broadening.- 2.5.4 Pressure Broadening.- 2.6 Single-Dish Observations of Radio Recombination Lines from HII Regions.- 2.6.1 Early Observations of Integrated Line Intensities.- 2.6.2 Non-LTE Density-Gradient Models.- 2.6.3 Clumped Models.- 2.6.4 Comparison of the Density-Gradient and Clumped Models.- 2.6.5 Empirical Determinations of Electron Temperature.- 2.7 Exploration of the Milky Way by Radio Recombination Lines.- 2.7.1 Galactic Distribution of HII Regions.- 2.7.2 Galactocentric Variations of Electron Temperatures.- 2.7.3 Abundance Ratio of Helium to Hydrogen.- 2.7.4 The Diffuse Component.- 2.8 Radio Observations of HII Regions with High Angular Resolution.- 2.8.1 Continuum Observations.- 2.8.2 Recombination-Line Observations.- 2.9 Other Aspects of Radio Recombination Lines.- 2.9.1 Low Frequencies.- 2.9.2 Zeeman Effect.- 2.9.3 The Sun.- 2.9.4 Planetary Nebulae.- 2.9.5 Dark Clouds.- 2.9.6 Galaxies and Quasars.- Recommended Reading.- References.- 3. Neutral Hydrogen and the Diffuse Interstellar Medium.- 3.1 Introduction: Fundamentals.- 3.1.1 Radiative Transfer and Excitation of the HI Line.- 3.1.2 Observations of the Diffuse Medium.- a. Brief Review of the Four Phases: CNM, WNM, WIM, HIM.- b. Galactic Distribution of HI.- 3.1.3 Interstellar Pressure.- a.Excitation of CI Fine Structure.- b. Excitation of the CII Fine-Structure Lines.- c. Pressure of the WIM.- 3.1.4 Theory of the Kinetic Temperature of Diffuse Interstellar Gas.- a. Cooling Processes.- b. Heating Processes.- c. The Equilibrium Temperature.- d. Is Statistical Equilibrium Always Obtained?.- 3.1.5 Elements of Interstellar Gas Dynamics.- a. Static Equilibrium: The z-Structure in the Galaxy.- b. Static Equilibrium: A Uniform Spherical Magnetized Cloud.- c. Transient Features: Shocks.- 3.1.6 Two Famous Models

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