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John MacArthur has served as pastor-teacher of Grace Community Church in Sun Valley, California, since 1969. His ministry of expository preaching is unparalleled in its breadth and influence. In more than five decades of ministry from the same pulpit, he has preached verse by verse through the entire New Testament and several key sections of the Old Testament. He is Chancellor of the Master's University and Seminary, and can be heard daily on the Grace to You radio broadcast (carried on hundreds of radio stations worldwide). He has authored numerous bestselling books, including Twelve Ordinary Men and One Perfect Life. For more details about John MacArthur and his Bible-teaching resources, contact Grace to You at 800-55-GRACE or gty.org.

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A TALE OF TWO SONS

Thomas Nelson

Contents

1. Greatest Short Story. Ever.........................12. A Wide-Angle Preview...............................93. His Shameless Demand...............................194. His Shameful Misconduct............................285. His Turning Point..................................366. His Return.........................................457. His Forgiveness....................................548. His Generosity.....................................629. His Resentment.....................................7010. His True Character................................7911. The Shocking Real-Life Ending.....................86Leader's Guide........................................89About the Author......................................123

Chapter One

"Jesus' intention in telling the story was not to impress His hearers with dramatic artistry. Rather, if we understand the parable correctly, its spiritual lessons leave a far more indelible impression on our hearts and minds than any literary analysis of the parable could accomplish." -A Tale of Two Sons (p. 14)

Rewind

Many of the more familiar passages of Scripture are ripe with unnoticed theological truths that, if discovered and applied to our lives, could improve the quality of our relationships with God and each other. One such passage is the parable of the prodigal son.

Prodigal living is characterized by wasteful extravagance and wanton immorality (MacArthur New Testament Commentary, p. 220). The story of the Prodigal Son is more about the loving father than the wayward son and his spiteful brother. Jesus didn't tell the story in order to improve His reputation as a great storyteller; He told it to reveal some characteristics of God that had been veiled by the religious practices of the scribes and Pharisees. The cultural tension between Judaism and Jesus' ministry was underlying every word Jesus spoke.

Before we begin, we must remember that "the meaning of Scripture is not fluid. The truth of the Bible doesn't change with time or mean different things in different cultures. Whatever the text meant when it was originally written, it still means today." Therefore, if we can grasp the original meaning of the parable, we can apply it to our lives today.

"It is all too easy to rip biblical stories out of their original contexts, force them into a postmodern frame of reference, and miss their full import." 1. Before beginning this study, what is your understanding of the meaning of the parable of the prodigal son? 2. We sometimes make the mistake of limiting our understanding of Scripture to what we read about Scripture. Read Mark 12:37b and identify the primary audience to whom Jesus spoke.

If this was Jesus' primary audience, what should be the degree of difficulty in determining the meanings of His words?

__ Only the religious elite can understand. __ Only the avid Bible student can understand. __ Only those who know the code can understand. __ Most anyone can understand.

"So if we expect to draw out of this parable what God wants us to learn and what He intended to reveal for our edification, we need to try to hear it the way Jesus' original audience heard it."

Rethink

The parable of the prodigal son was recorded by Luke, but not by the other gospel writers. Luke was the more detailed of the four gospel writers and was intimately familiar with Judaism and the stark contrast between traditional religion and Jesus' message.

3. Place the parable of the prodigal son on the timeline of Jesus' ministry by placing an X at the appropriate place.

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4. Luke 9:51 says that Jesus "steadfastly set His face to go to Jerusalem." What is the significance of this statement?

"In Old Testament times, scribes were those trained to record important events. By the time of the Babylonian exile, scribes were considered to be experts in the written Word of God. By New Testament times, scribes were a group of Pharisees with the responsibility of teaching, interpreting, and enforcing the Law of Moses." (Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1452)

5. The principle enemies of Jesus' ministry were the scribes and Pharisees. Based on your perception, what are some adjectives that can be used to describe the scribes and Pharisees? What are the characteristics of modern-day scribes and Pharisees? In what settings might you encounter a modern scribe or Pharisee? 6. On page 10, it is said that the scribes and Pharisees "were legalistic-believing that the way to gain favor with God was by earning merit-and the best way to gain merit in God's eyes, they thought, was through fastidious observance of the law." Thus, they based their salvation on their own self-righteousness. As Christians, we know that our salvation is only based on the finished work of Christ. Yet we can sometimes allow forms of legalism and self-righteousness to creep into our own thinking. What are some ways in which we can become legalistic?

What are the effects of religious legalism in our lives?

7. The scribes and Pharisees "were also hypocritical ... They valued the public display of religion more than private devotion and true righteousness." What are some ways in which this is evident in our society? 8. Jesus never entered into negotiations with the scribes and Pharisees; He stood His ground. Of course, this only heightened the tension. As a result, Jesus was at the top of their "Most Wanted" list. There have been times when we all have backed down rather than suffer the consequences of standing our ground on what we know to be right. In what areas of your life it is often easy to negotiate, or compromise, on our convictions? What have been some of the consequences of your choosing to negotiate rather than stand for what you knew to be the truth? 9. Read Matthew 23:2-12. Jesus' words regarding the Pharisees should be seen in their context, but also applied across generations. When people begin to turn religion into their god, they inadvertently abandon the worship of the true God. Do your worship practices exalt God? If so, what are some things that direct your attention toward Him? "Until we begin to comprehend the ideals and attitudes that shaped the culture, we can't expect to gain a full appreciation of the parable's main lesson."

Reflect

Tax collectors and gross sinners were the bane of society for the scribes and Pharisees. The very fact that Jesus associated with such undesirables was reason enough to seek to discredit Him and eventually kill Him. On more than one occasion, the Pharisees tried to back Jesus into a theological corner. But it is useless to debate theology with God and to refuse to humbly accept what He says is true. It was useless then; it remains useless today.

10. The scribes and Pharisees looked down their noses at two groups of people-the gross sinners and tax collectors. In that day, the religious elite distanced themselves from society's outcasts. In their world, the outcasts were notorious sinners and tax collectors. Who are the outcasts in our culture and how do you react when you encounter one of them? 11. Luke recorded three parables that explained Jesus' reasons for associating with society's outcasts. Keep in mind that parables were told for the purpose of illustrating one primary point. Read Luke 15:1-7. To reinforce his focus on the average person, Jesus told this story based on a flock of one hundred sheep. In that time, a flock of this size was average. What is the main point of the parable of the lost sheep? 12. Perhaps there were some in the crowd who were unfamiliar with the ways of a shepherd. For those people, Jesus offered a parable to which they could relate. Read Luke 15:8-10. A silver coin (a drachma) was equivalent in value to the Roman denarius, which was a day's wage for a Roman soldier. What is the main point of this parable?

React

This sets the stage for the parable of the prodigal son, sometimes referred to as the parable of the lost son. The Pharisees continued to question Jesus about His association with society's outcasts. This reflects their misunderstanding of what it meant to be a person of faith. The Pharisees saw the faith culture as exclusive; Jesus showed them that true faith and salvation is available to anyone, even the worst sinner, who will genuinely believe in Him.

13. Think about your church family and the ways in which you live out your Christian faith. How welcoming are you toward those who are different from you in personality, wealth, ethnicity, social status, cultural background, or physical appearance? On the line below, place an X indicating how willing you believe you are to accept those who are different from you.

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14. What are some ways in which your exclusiveness toward others sometimes surfaces?

What can you do to keep that from being a persistent problem?

Exclusiveness doesn't have to be intentional. We can inadvertently exclude people from our church family in a variety of ways. How "guest friendly" is your church campus? How do you respond to someone who isn't dressed like everyone else? How do you handle people who need special accommodations? Your answers to these questions will help you determine just how much like the Pharisees you are. You might be surprised. An honest evaluation of your present situation will set the tone for the remainder of this study.

15. Based on what you have learned in this study, what do you expect God to do in your life through the remainder of the study? __ Nothing; I've already got this figured out. __ I expect God to use me to change the lives of other people. __ I might learn something, but I'm not as much in need as others I know. __ I expect God to conform my thoughts to His thoughts. 16. As you pray, ask God to open your eyes and ears that you might see and hear His desire for you. As the study progresses, keep a journal detailing all of the ways in which God worked in and through this study.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from A TALE OF TWO SONSby John MacArthur Copyright © 2008 by John MacArthur. Excerpted by permission.
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