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1909. This is designed as a textbook and aims to present an outline of scientific study as briefly and as concretely as possible. Contents: First Stages in Knowledge; Classification; The Use and Misuse of Words; Propositions; Induction; Verification and Deduction; The Syllogism; Traditional Treatment of the Syllogism; Abbreviated and Complex Forms of Reasoning-Hypothetical and Disjunctive Syllogisms; Proof and Disproof, Failure to Prove; Statistics; Averages; Probability; The Construction of Systems; Explanation; Hypothesis; and Typical Systems of Knowledge.
It aims to present an outline of scientific method as briefly and as concretely as possible. It is not designed to serve as an introduction to general philosophy. I ts chief claim to novelty is in the arrangement of the subject matter. The traditional arrangement in which the deductive processes are presented first usually leaves with the student the impression that method is chiefly deduction, and that there is no very close connection between this and the rest of subject. The arrangement, which is here adopted, was selected on pedagogical grounds and not in the interests of any epistemological theory. The justification for dogmatic statements on disputed points is also pedagogical. Argument on such points in a text-book usually fails to interest the student and often tends to make him think that the whole subject is in an uncertain state and mostly a matter of opinion. Some subjects are treated much more briefly than they deserve, but I wished to keep them in due proportion with the rest. Fallacies are first discussed along with the processes with which they are connected, but they are all brought together in a later chapter. Many of the exercises are new, but I have also drawn freely from other text books.
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