Quality assurance and good laboratory practices are becoming essential knowledge for professionals in all sorts of industries. This includes internal and external audit procedures for compliance with the requirements of good clinical, laboratory and manufacturing practices. Spanning chemical, cosmetic and manufacturing industries, Good Clinical, Laboratory and Manufacturing Practices: Techniques for the QA professional is aimed at: chemists, clinicians, ecotoxicologists, operation managers, pharmaceutical process managers, quality assurance officers, technicians and toxicologists. In addition sections on harmonisation of quality systems will be of value to safety, health and environment advisors. This comprehensive and high level reference will be an indispensable guide to research laboratories in academia and industry. Additional training material is also included.
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Dr Carson trained as an organic chemist (PhD) and safety and health expert (MSc). He was formally employed by Unilever as research scientist and Head of Science Support Services at their Research and Development Laboratory, Port Sunlight. Responsibilities included, occupational health, safety and environment; consumer safety; ethics of animal and human testing; Quality Assurance (GCP,GLP, GMP, ISO 14001/17025/OHSAS 18001); Project Risk Management and member of the Management Committee. Current posts include Quality Director (4-Front Research Ltd), a H&S consultant, Chairman of CIREC (a research ethics committee recognised for reviewing Phase 1 studies on healthy human volunteers) and member of a local hospital clinical ethics committees. Since 1983 he has been a member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers 'Loss Prevetion Panel' and is a member of the Association of Reserach Ethics Committee. He is past member of the Chemical Industries Association Health Advisory Group and past Chairman of their Hygiene Working Group. Bewteen 1990-2000 he was visiting lecturer in chemistry at UMIST and was PhD examiner for Aston University Chemical Engineering Department. He has over 60 technical publications including The Safe Handling of Chemicals in Industry (3 volumes), Longman The Hazardous Chemicals Handbook (2 editions), Butterworth Heinemann Good Clinical, Laboratory and Manufacturing Practices (2 editions), Royal Society of Chemistry He is also coauthor of 'Silver Screens of Wirral' (2 volumes), Countyvise Ltd
Written by a team of world experts, the book provides practical and detailed advice for the quality assurance professional responsible for monitoring compliance with legal requirements and accepted standards of pre-clinical safety studies, clinical trials and manufacture of drugs. It provides a framework for integrating these standards with other quality management systems. Detailed examples are provided to illustrate application of the principles. The book is targeted primarily at all those subjected to internal and external inspection and audit for compliance with the requirements of good clinical, good laboratory, and good manufacturing practices. It will be of value to chemists, clinicians, ecotoxicologists, operation managers, pharmaceutical process managers, quality assurance officers, technicians, and toxicologists.
Part 1: Good Clinical Practice, 1,
Chapter 1 Introduction: Good Clinical Practice D. Talbot and N. Downes, 3,
Chapter 2 The Protocol, Case Report Form and Initial Documentation: Quality Assurance Involvement and Common Problems N.J. Dent, 13,
Chapter 3 Standard Operating Procedures in the Good Clinical Practice Environment P. Charnley Nickols and J. Nickols, 39,
Chapter 4 Preparing for Regulatory Inspection of Company Pharmacovigilance Systems and Practices in the European Union and United States E.G. Brown and S.A. Goldman, 57,
Chapter 5 Investigator, Sponsor and Contract Research Organisation Audits P. Fitzgerald, 73,
Chapter 6 Data Audits J.V. Birnie, 89,
Chapter 7 Research Ethics Committees S. Eckstein, 99,
Chapter 8 Good Clinical Practice/Good Manufacturing Practice (GCP/GMP) Interface, Investigational Product Accountability D. Bailes, 109,
Chapter 9 Monitoring and Quality Control A. Bevan and S. Ollier, 121,
Chapter 10 Phase I Healthy Volunteers Studies R. Cope and P. Rolan, 137,
Chapter 11 Clinical Laboratories P.J. Ford, 147,
Part 1: Good Clinical Practice 1,
Chapter 12 Introduction: Good Laboratory Practice Th. Helder, 171,
Chapter 13 Quality Assurance in GLP P.A. Carson, 183,
Chapter 14 The Master Schedule Index J. Goeke, 199,
Chapter 15 Study Plans and Their Audits J.R. Pateman, 209,
Chapter 16 Standard Operating Procedures for Good Laboratory Practice Work P. Hallin and A. Wichman, 223,
Chapter 17 Inspections: Procedural, Process and Facility A. Waddell, 235,
Chapter 18 Report and Data Audits J. Janssens, 249,
Chapter 19 Quality Assurance and Contract Research Organisation: GLP Studies R. Chapman, 263,
Chapter 20 Good Laboratory Practice and Pharmacology M.J. Benton, 271,
Chapter 21 Application of GLP in Analytical Chemistry with Cross Reference to GMP and GCP A. Anderson, J.G. Maxwell and H.M. Hill, 279,
Chapter 22 GLP in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics N.J. Dent, 305,
Chapter 23 Issues of Quality in Pathology K. Isaacs, 317,
Chapter 24 Good Laboratory Practices in Ecotoxicology and Field Studies D.L. Colinese, 335,
Chapter 25 Animal Health K. De Keulenaer, 353,
Part 3: Good Manufacturing Practice,
Chapter 26 Introduction: Good Manufacturing Practice J.R. Dolman, 371,
Chapter 27 Standard Operating Procedures V. Edy and M. Gamlen, 387,
Chapter 28 Release of Bulk and Filled Finished Product J. Sharp, 399,
Chapter 29 Good Manufacturing Practice for Investigational Medicinal Products V. Edy and M. Gamlen, 407,
Chapter 30 Chemical Analysis P. Newton, 419,
Chapter 31 Good Manufacturing Practice for Sterile Products J. Sharp, 435,
Chapter 32 Statistics for QA Auditors of GLP and GCP Studies I. Townshend, 463,
Chapter 33 Metrics and Trend Analysis P. Carson, 473,
Chapter 34 Supplier Auditing A. McCraight, 479,
Chapter 35 Centralised Supplier Audits for Animal Studies P. Withers, 489,
Chapter 36 Document Control: From Concept to Archiving J. Gumley, 497,
Chapter 37 Computing and GXPs A. Nelms, 511,
Chapter 38 QA Developing a Regulatory Compliance Training Strategy: An Opportunity for QA to Improve Quality and Provide Greater Value to the Business L. Brown, 529,
Chapter 39 Training and Staff Records for GXP H. Neal, 541,
Chapter 40 Integrating Quality Systems P. Baxter, 551,
Glossary of Some Commonly-used Abbreviations P. Carson and N. Dent, 563,
Appendix GLP Comparison, OECD, USA and Japan J. Somorai, 575,
Subject Index, 599,
Introduction: Good Clinical Practice
D. TALBOT AND N. DOWNES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and well-being of trial subjects are protected; consistent with the principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki, and that the clinical trial data are credible. Although born as a guideline, in many parts of the world it is now a legal requirement to work to GCP standards when conducting clinical research. The large body of literature on the subject of GCP confirms its importance and the seriousness with which those working in clinical research regard the subject. At its most basic level, GCP is a set of rules establishing the standards for performing and documenting clinical trials so that participating subjects are protected and that cross-national acceptance of study data by clinicians and regulators is achieved.
1.2 BACKGROUND
Following the well publicised medical research horrors that were described at the Nuremburg trials, during which it was revealed that Nazi physicians had undertaken experiments on prisoners without their consent and without regard for the individual's well-being, the Nuremburg Code was published in 1949 (US Government Printing Office). The Nuremburg Code described for the first time the principles of Informed Consent. This became the basis for the Declaration of Helsinki made by the World Medical Association (WMA) at their annual meeting in Helsinki in 1964 (see Chapter 7, Research Ethics Committees). Just before this, in 1962, the Drug Amendment Act had been approved in the United States. This became the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Regulations governing clinical research which obligated investigators to inform the FDA of any proposed clinical trials, required the submission of pre-clinical data to support the proposed trials, and required informed consent of the trial subjects to be obtained and that the trial results would be reported. The FDA Regulations of 1962 were subsequently expanded to include Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in 1963, Institutional Review Boards in 1971 and GCP in 1977. This was the start of a framework of legislation and guidelines that are now in place covering the majority of clinical research in almost every country in the world.
During the 1970s and 1980s other countries developed their own guidelines for GCP. In Europe, guidelines were developed in a number of countries including Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland and the United Kingdom. The Nordic GCP guidelines were also developed. Eventually, in 1990, there was some harmonisation of GCP standards to be followed across Europe when the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) GCP guidelines were issued. In other regions of the world, Canada, Israel and Japan also developed GCP guidelines and the World Health Organisation (WHO) issued their set of GCP guidelines in 1993, by which time it was becoming increasingly obvious that a global standard for GCP was required. The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) recognised this need in 1991 and set up an Expert Working Group to draft a guideline on GCP. This was issued as a finalised guideline, ICH E6 GCP Consolidated Guideline,in May 1996, and was adopted by the three main ICH regions - CPMP in Europe, published in the Federal Register in the...
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