This book provides a survey of topics, in the area of innate and adaptive immunity, which have been researched within the MRC Immunochemistry Unit, at Oxford University, over a period of forty years. The topics include: antibody structure, for which the first Director of the Immunochemistry Unit, Professor R.R. Porter, was awarded a Nobel prize in 1972; the characterization of membrane proteins on lymphoid cells, leading to the concept of these molecules belonging to an immunoglobulin super family; the proteins of the human serum complement system, one of the body's major defenses against microbial infection; the human cell, surface integrins and the hyaluronan-binding proteins, which are involved in regulation of inflammation at cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix; the family of collecting molecules, containing distinct globular carbohydrate-binding domains linked to collagen-like regions, which play important roles in innate immunity in the lungs and bloodstream by immediate recognition and clearance of microbial pathogens.
Each chapter in the book gives a brief historical background to a topic and then provides a survey of recent advances in the field and is written by internationally recognized renowned experts. The theme running through the chapters is that of protein structure-function relationships, including, amongst others, descriptions of quaternary structures of large oligomeric proteins, of Factor H and C1q binding to specific ligands, and of the chemistry of the mechanism of catalysis of covalent binding of activated C3 and C4 proteins to nucleophilic groups on microbial surfaces. In several chapters excellent descriptions are given with respect to how the immune system can be recruited to combat microbial infection via proteins of both the innate and adaptive immune systems.
The book also includes notable chapters which are excellent examples of the importance of how the isolation, characterization, protein engineering and crystallization has resulted in a full understanding of complex protein-protein interactions involved in the recognition and triggering events of important sections of the immune system: Structure and Function of the C1 Complex, Gerard J. Arlaud; Chemical Engineering of Therapeutic Antibodies, George T. Stevenson; Leukocyte surface proteins: purification and characterization, A. Neil Barclay; Cell Surface Integrins, Suet-Mien Tan and S.K. Alex Law.
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Professor Kenneth BM Reid FRS, is Director at the MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford. Professor Reid is also a Fellow of the European Molecular Biology Organisation and is a Founder member of the Academy of Medical Sciences. In addition to being a member of many prestigious journal editorial boards, he is also the author of over 290 full-length scientific publications, over the period 1967- 2007, dealing with structure-function relationships of proteins of the human serum complement system and analysis of proteins of innate immunity in the lung surfactant. Since 1970 he has carried out research on the structures and functions of components of the human serum complement system and a major focus of his present research includes the analysis of the roles mammalian lectins SP-A and SP-D, as molecules of innate immunity, in the modulation of inflammation, induced by allergy or infection, in the lungs. Dr Robert B Sim is at the MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford. Dr Sim has had about 270 papers published since 1975, plus about 300 meetings abstracts and his main research interests are the activation and regulation of the complement system studied at the molecular level.
This book provides a survey of topics, in the area of innate and adaptive immunity, which have been researched within the MRC Immunochemistry Unit, at Oxford University, over a period of forty years. The topics include: -antibody structure - for which the first Director of the Immunochemistry Unit, Professor RR Porter, was awarded a Nobel prize in 1972 -the characterization of membrane proteins on lymphoid cells - leading to the concept of these molecules belonging to an immunoglobulin super family -the proteins of the human serum complement system - one of the body's major defences against microbial infection - the human cell -surface integrins and the hyaluronan- binding proteins, which are involved in regulation of inflammation at cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix -the family of collectin molecules - containing distinct globular carbohydrate -binding domains linked to collagen-like regions - which play important roles in innate immunity in the lungs and bloodstream by immediate recognition and clearance of microbial pathogens Each chapter in the book gives a brief historical background to a topic and then provides a survey of recent advances in the field and are written by internationally recognised renowned experts. The theme running through the chapters is that of protein structure-function relationships - including, amongst other things, a description of the mechanism of how the reactive thiol ester bonds, found in the complement system components C3 and C4, are activated to allow the covalent binding of these proteins to suitable targets on microbes. Molecular Aspects of Innate and Adaptive Immunity is aimed primarily at established senior research scientists, postdoctoral research scientists and PhD students who have an interest in proteins of the immune system. However, the wide range of immunity system topics, while staying broadly within innate/adaptive immunity will also appeal to a wider audience.
Section 1 Antibodies,
Chapter 1 R. R. Porter and the Structure of Antibodies Lisa A. Steiner and Julian B. Fleischman,
Chapter 2 Chemical Engineering of Therapeutic Antibodies George T. Stevenson and Weng Leong,
Section 2 The Complement System,
Chapter 3 The Evolution of Complement Systems Alister W. Dodds,
Chapter 4 Structure and Function of the C1 Complex: A Historical Perspective Gérard J. Arlaud,
Chapter 5 Complement Components C3 and C4 S. K. Alex Law,
Chapter 6 Complement Control Proteins and Receptors: From FH to CR4 Robert B. Sim, Beryl E. Moffatt, Jacqueline M. Shaw and Janez Ferluga,
Chapter 7 Biology and Genetics of Complement C4 Michael C. Carroll,
Section 3 Collectins and Ficolins in Innate Immunity,
Chapter 8 The Structure of Mannan-binding Lectin and its Functional Relevance Jinhua Lu and Steffen Thiel,
Chapter 9 Personal Accounts of the Discovery of MASP-2 and its Role in the MBL Pathway of Complement Activation Thomas Vorup-Jensen and Jens Chr. Jensenius,
Chapter 10 The Structure and Function of Ficolins, MBLs and MASPs Russell Wallis, Anders Krarup and Umakhanth Venkatraman Girija,
Chapter 11 Surfactant Protein D and Glycoprotein 340 Jens Madsen and Uffe Holmskov,
Section 4 Cell Surface Proteins – Immunoglobulin Superfamily and Integrins,
Chapter 12 Leukocyte Surface Proteins – Purification and Characterization A. Neil Barclay,
Chapter 13 Cell Surface Integrins Suet-Mien Tan and S. K. Alex Law,
Section 5 Immunogenetics and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class III Analysis,
Chapter 14 Molecular Genetics of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class III Region R. Duncan Campbell, Wendy Thomson and Bernard Morley,
Chapter 15 Functional Characterization of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class III Region Genes R. Duncan Campbell, Caroline M. Milner and Begoña Aguado,
Section 6 Hyaluronan-Binding Proteins in Inflammation,
Chapter 16 Hyaluronan-Binding Proteins in Inflammation Anthony J. Day, Charles D. Blundell, David J. Mahoney, Marilyn S. Rugg and Caroline M. Milner,
Subject Index, 291,
R. R. Porter and the Structure of Antibodies
LISA A. STEINER AND JULIAN B. FLEISCHMAN
1.1 Introduction
In 1967 Rodney R. Porter was invited to succeed Sir Hans Krebs as Whitley Professor of Biochemistry at Oxford. Porter founded and headed the MRC Immunochemistry Unit there, which now celebrates its 40th anniversary.
Porter's background and his classic work in the field of immunochemistry had begun well before his arrival at Oxford. As a student of Fred Sanger at Cambridge he was introduced to the structural basis of protein function, a topic that caught his fancy and pointed him toward immunology. Porter was intrigued by Landsteiner's work on the specificity of antibodies and the biochemical basis for the 'antibody paradox', namely how a diverse group of proteins, such as antibodies, could have remarkably different specificities yet have apparently similar structures. In 1958 Porter was a cofounder of the Antibody Workshop, a small international group of researchers that met regularly in a series of informal and often lively sessions over a period of seven years to discuss fundamental research problems in immunology. This chapter outlines Porter's fundamental contributions to our present knowledge of antibody structure and the biochemical basis of their specificity. In recognition of this work, Porter shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Gerald Edelman in 1972.
The early demonstration of the passive transfer of immunity by serum had paved the way for establishing the molecular nature of antibodies. Methods still were needed to fractionate serum and purify its constituents, and it is, indeed, striking that the understanding of antibody structure closely followed advances in methods to purify and characterize proteins. In the 1930s a centre that developed such methodologies was the Svedberg laboratory in Uppsala, and it was there that the first steps were taken toward determining the component of serum that carried antibody activity. Ultracentrifugation indicated that antibodies sedimented either at 17–19 S or at 6–7 S, corresponding to molecular weights of about one million and 160000, respectively. With the technique of free boundary electrophoresis, Tiselius and Kabat demonstrated that the antibody activity in a rabbit antiserum to ovalbumin was confined to the γ-globulin region (fraction migrating slowest toward the anode). Sometimes, however, antibodies migrated faster on electrophoresis. Furthermore, some proteins without antibody activity (e.g., properdin, a protein of the alternative complement pathway) also migrated in the γ-globulin fraction. Subsequently it was realized that all antibodies, even those of different classes [e.g., immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, see below], share many basic structural features, despite differences in size or in electrophoretic properties. Eventually the term 'immunoglobulin' was introduced to include the set of all proteins that share the essential structural features of antibodies. The term immunoglobulin refers to the antibody as a protein, regardless of its antigen-binding activity.
1.2 The Papain Fragments
In the 1950s the pioneering work of Fred Sanger in developing methods to establish the amino acid sequence of insulin ushered in an era of rapid advances in the determination of the sequences of proteins. Rodney Porter, a PhD student of Sanger, was interested in understanding the chemical basis for antibody activity. At that time the only proteins for which amino acid sequences had been determined (insulin, ribonuclease, lysozyme) were at least an order of magnitude smaller than antibody molecules. An even more formidable problem was that different preparations of antibody, known to bind to the same antigenic determinant, varied measurably in molecular properties (e.g., as demonstrated by electrophoresis), and were impossible to fractionate into homogeneous constituents. Nevertheless, heterogeneity did not obscure the substantial similarity among all immunoglobulin molecules. The major distinction between antibodies was in their recognition of different antigens, not in their overall molecular structure. As Porter noted in his Nobel lecture, "This combination of an apparently infinite range of antibody combining specificity associated with what appeared to be a nearly homogeneous group of proteins astonished me and indeed still does". Thus antibodies contrasted strikingly with enzymes, which typically differ substantially from one another in structure as well as in specificity.
Porter's plan was to simplify the sequencing problem by breaking the antibody molecule into fragments, hoping that one or more of the smaller pieces would retain specificity for antigen. He was influenced by the work of Landsteiner who had shown that in many cases only a small part of an antigen was able to bind to its antibody, suggesting that the combining site of the antibody also may be smaller than the whole antibody molecule. The plan also assumed that the heterogeneity of an antibody preparation would not prevent the isolation of its constituent fragments.
Porter's approach was to digest the antibody with...
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book provides a survey of topics, in the area of innate and adaptive immunity, which have been researched within the MRC Immunochemistry Unit, at Oxford University, over a period of forty years. The topics include: -antibody structure - for which the first Director of the Immunochemistry Unit, Professor RR Porter, was awarded a Nobel prize in 1972 -the characterization of membrane proteins on lymphoid cells - leading to the concept of these molecules belonging to an immunoglobulin super family -the proteins of the human serum complement system - one of the body's major defences against microbial infection - the human cell -surface integrins and the hyaluronan- binding proteins, which are involved in regulation of inflammation at cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix -the family of collectin molecules - containing distinct globular carbohydrate -binding domains linked to collagen-like regions - which play important roles in innate immunity in the lungs and bloodstream by immediate recognition and clearance of microbial pathogens Each chapter in the book gives a brief historical background to a topic and then provides a survey of recent advances in the field and are written by internationally recognised renowned experts. The theme running through the chapters is that of protein structure-function relationships - including, amongst other things, a description of the mechanism of how the reactive thiol ester bonds, found in the complement system components C3 and C4, are activated to allow the covalent binding of these proteins to suitable targets on microbes. Molecular Aspects of Innate and Adaptive Immunity is aimed primarily at established senior research scientists, postdoctoral research scientists and PhD students who have an interest in proteins of the immune system. However, the wide range of immunity system topics, while staying broadly within innate/adaptive immunity will also appeal to a wider audience. Artikel-Nr. 9780854046980
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