Intelligent Materials - Hardcover

 
9780854043354: Intelligent Materials
Hardcover
ISBN 10: 0854043357 ISBN 13: 9780854043354
Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007

Inhaltsangabe

From the nanoscale to the macroscopic scale, intelligent materials are triggering a response across both dimensions and scientific disciplines... World class, leading experts in the fields of chemistry, physics and engineering have contributed to Intelligent Materials, highlighting the importance of smart material science in the 21st century. In this exceptional text the expertise of specialists across the globe is drawn upon to present a truly interdisciplinary outline of the topic. Covering both a bottom-up chemical, and top-down engineering approach to the design of intelligent materials the Editors of the book are bridging a vital gap between various scientific authorities. The influence of current research in this field on future technology is undisputed and potential applications of intelligent materials span nanoscience, nano technology, medicine, engineering, biotechnology, pharmaceutical and many other industries. This is an authoritative introduction to the most recent developments in the area, which will provide the reader with a better understanding of the almost unlimited opportunities in the progress and design of new intelligent materials. An indispensable reference for anyone contemplating working in the field! Comments on this book... "This will be the starting point for all researchers looking for industrial solutions involving smart materials. Congratulations to the Editors for providing such a vast and interdisciplinary book." P.-G de Gennes, France Prix Nobel de Physic 1991

Die Inhaltsangabe kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.

Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Mohsen Shahinpoor is the Chief Scientist and Director of Biomedical Poducts at Environmental Robots Inc. and a Regents Professor at the Univesity of New Mexico. His work in the field of Robotic Systems and Smart/Intelligent Materials covers over some 22 years, and includes numerous publications and patents. Prof. Dr. Hans-Joerg Schneider is Professor em. of organic chemistry at the Universitaet des Saarlandes, Germany. He has played a pivotal role in transferring the principals of molecular recognition into supramolecular polymers and has published a multitude of books and papers in the field, with several patents pending for intelligent chemomechanical materials.



Mohsen Shahinpoor is the Chief Scientist and Director of Biomedical Poducts at Environmental Robots Inc. and a Regents Professor at the Univesity of New Mexico. His work in the field of Robotic Systems and Smart/Intelligent Materials covers over some 22 years, and includes numerous publications and patents. Prof. Dr. Hans-Joerg Schneider is Professor em. of organic chemistry at the Universitaet des Saarlandes, Germany. He has played a pivotal role in transferring the principals of molecular recognition into supramolecular polymers and has published a multitude of books and papers in the field, with several patents pending for intelligent chemomechanical materials.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

From the nanoscale to the macroscopic scale, intelligent materials are triggering a response across both dimensions and scientific disciplines... World class, leading experts in the fields of chemistry, physics and engineering have contributed to Intelligent Materials, highlighting the importance of smart material science in the 21st century. In this exceptional text the expertise of specialists across the globe is drawn upon to present a truly interdisciplinary, outline of the topic. Covering both a bottom-up chemical, and top-down engineering approach to the design of intelligent materials the Editors of the book are bridging a vital gap between various scientific authorities. The influence of current research in this field on future technology is undisputed and potential applications of intelligent materials span nanoscience, nano technology, medicine, engineering, biotechnology, pharmaceutical and many other industries. This is an authoritative introduction to the most recent developments in the area, which will provide the reader with a better understanding of the almost unlimited opportunities in the progress and design of new intelligent materials. An indispensable reference for anyone contemplating working in the field! The Editors Mohsen Shahinpoor is the Chief Scientist and Director of Biomedical Poducts at Environmental Robots Inc. and a Regents Professor at the Univesity of New Mexico. His work in the field of Robotic Systems and Smart/Intelligent Materials covers over some 22 years, and includes numerous publications and patents. Prof. Dr. Hans-Joerg Schneider is Professor em. of organic chemistry at the Universitaet des Saarlandes, Germany. He has played a pivotal role in transferring the principals of molecular recognition into supramolecular polymers and has published a multitude of books and papers in the field, with several patents pending for intelligent chemomechanical materials. Comments on this book... "This will be the starting point for all researchers looking for industrial solutions involving smart materials. Congratulations to the Editors for providing such a vast and interdisciplinary book." P.-G de Gennes, France Prix Nobel de Physic 1991

Aus dem Klappentext

From the nanoscale to the macroscopic scale, intelligent materials are triggering a response across both dimensions and scientific disciplines... World class, leading experts in the fields of chemistry, physics and engineering have contributed to Intelligent Materials, highlighting the importance of smart material science in the 21st century. In this exceptional text the expertise of specialists across the globe is drawn upon to present a truly interdisciplinary, outline of the topic. Covering both a bottom-up chemical, and top-down engineering approach to the design of intelligent materials the Editors of the book are bridging a vital gap between various scientific authorities. The influence of current research in this field on future technology is undisputed and potential applications of intelligent materials span nanoscience, nano technology, medicine, engineering, biotechnology, pharmaceutical and many other industries. This is an authoritative introduction to the most recent developments in the area, which will provide the reader with a better understanding of the almost unlimited opportunities in the progress and design of new intelligent materials. An indispensable reference for anyone contemplating working in the field! The Editors Mohsen Shahinpoor is the Chief Scientist and Director of Biomedical Poducts at Environmental Robots Inc. and a Regents Professor at the Univesity of New Mexico. His work in the field of Robotic Systems and Smart/Intelligent Materials covers over some 22 years, and includes numerous publications and patents. Prof. Dr. Hans-Joerg Schneider is Professor em. of organic chemistry at the Universitaet des Saarlandes, Germany. He has played a pivotal role in transferring the principals of molecular recognition into supramolecular polymers and has published a multitude of books and papers in the field, with several patents pending for intelligent chemomechanical materials. Comments on this book... "This will be the starting point for all researchers looking for industrial solutions involving smart materials. Congratulations to the Editors for providing such a vast and interdisciplinary book." P.-G de Gennes, France Prix Nobel de Physic 1991

Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Intelligent Materials

By Mohsen Shahinpoor, Hans-Jörg Schneider

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2008 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-85404-335-4

Contents

Introduction, xxi, 
Chapter 1 Chemically Driven Artificial Molecular Machines J.D. Crowley, E.R. Kay and D.A. Leigh, 
Chapter 2 Photochemically Controlled Molecular Devices and Machines V. Balzani, G. Bergamini, P. Ceroni, A. Credi and M. Venturi, 
Chapter 3 Transition-Metal Complex-Based Molecular Machines B. Champin, U. Létinois-Halbes and J.-P. Sauvage, 
Chapter 4 Chemomechanical Polymers H.-J. Schneider and K. Kato, 
Chapter 5 Ionic Polymer Metal Nanocomposites as Intelligent Materials and Artificial Muscles M. Shahinpoor, 
Chapter 6 Artificial Muscles, Sensing and Multifunctionality T.F. Otero, 
Chapter 7 Electrochemically Controllable Polyacrylonitrile-Derived Artificial Muscle as an Intelligent Material K.J. Kim and K. Choe, 
Chapter 8 Unimolecular Electronic Devices R.M. Metzger, 
Chapter 9 Piezoelectric Ceramics as Intelligent Multifunctional Materials A. Yousefi-Koma, 
Chapter 10 Ferroelectric Relaxor Polymers as Intelligent Soft Actuators and Artificial Muscles Q. M. Zhang, B. Chu and Z.-Y. Cheng, 
Chapter 11 Magnetic Polymeric Gels as Intelligent Artificial Muscles M. Zrínyi, 
Chapter 12 Intelligent Materials: Shape-Memory Polymers M. Behl, R. Langer and A. Lendlein, 
Chapter 13 Shape-Memory Alloys as Multifunctional Materials L. McDonald Schetky, 
Chapter 14 Magnetorheological Materials and their Applications X. Wang and F. Gordaninejad, 
Chapter 15 Metal Hydrides as Intelligent Materials and Artificial Muscles K.J. Kim, G. Lloyd and M. Shahinpoor, 
Chapter 16 Dielectric Elastomer Actuators as Intelligent Materials for Actuation, Sensing and Generation G. Kofod and R. Kornbluh, 
Chapter 17 Azobenzene Polymers as Photomechanical and Multifunctional Smart Materials K.G. Yager and C.J. Barrett, 
Chapter 18 Intelligent Chitosan-based Hydrogels as Multifunctional Materials A.F.T. Mak and S. Sun, 
Chapter 19 Polymer-Protein Complexation and its Application as ATP-driven Gel Machine R. Kawamura, A. Kakugo, Y. Osada and J.P. Gong, 
Chapter 20 Intelligent Composite Materials Having Capabilities of Sensing, Health Monitoring, Actuation, Self-Repair and Multifunctionality H. Asanuma, 
Chapter 21 Overview of Liquid-crystal Elastomers, Magnetic Shape-memory Materials, Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, Nonionic Smart Polymers and Electrorheological Fluids as Other Intelligent and Multifunctional Materials M. Shahinpoor and H.-J. Schneider, 
Chapter 22 Overview on Biogenic and Bioinspired Intelligent Materials – from DNA-based Devices to Biochips and Drug-delivery Systems H.-J. Schneider, 
Subject Index, 522,


CHAPTER 1

Chemically Driven Artificial Molecular Machines


JAMES D. CROWLEY, EUAN R. KAY AND DAVID A. LEIGH

School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK


1.1 Design Principles for Molecular-Level Motors and Machines

The widespread use of molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems – which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions – and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilise the synchronised movements of smaller parts to perform tasks. It is only in the last few years that it has become feasible to design and synthesise molecules in which well-defined large-amplitude or directional stimuli-induced positional changes of submolecular components can occur. Even so, all but the simplest questions remain unanswered. What are the structural features necessary for molecules to use directional displacements to repetitively do work? How can we make a synthetic molecular machine that pumps ions to reverse a concentration gradient, say, or moves itself energetically uphill? How can we make nanoscale structures that traverse a predefined path across a surface or down a track, responding to the nature of their environment to change direction?

Artificial compounds that can do such things have yet to be realised. Synthetic molecular machines remain very much in their infancy in terms of experimental systems and only the most basic types – mechanical switches, memories and slightly more sophisticated, but still rudimentary, motors – have been made thus far. Here, we outline the early successes in taming molecular-level movement, the underlying principles that experimental designs must follow, and the progress made towards utilising synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.


1.1.1 The Effects of Scale

The path towards synthetic molecular machines can be traced back nearly two centuries to the observation of effects that pointed directly to the random motion experienced by all molecular-scale objects. In 1827, the Scottish botanist Robert Brown noted through his microscope the incessant, haphazard motion of tiny particles within translucent pollen grains suspended in water. An explanation of the phenomenon – now known as Brownian motion or movement – was provided by Einstein in one of his three celebrated papers of 1905 and was proven experimentally by Perrin over the next decade. Scientists have been fascinated by the implications of the stochastic nature of molecular-level motion ever since. The random thermal fluctuations experienced by molecules dominate mechanical behaviour in the molecular world. Even the most efficient nanoscale machines are swamped by its effect. A typical motor protein consumes ATP fuel at a rate of 100–1000 molecules every second, corresponding to a maximum possible power output in the region 10-16 to 10-8W per molecule. When compared with the random environmental buffeting of ~10-8W experienced by molecules in solution at room t emperature, it seems remarkable that any form of controlled motion is possible!

When designing molecular machines it is important to remember that the presence of Brownian motion is a consequence of scale, not of the nature of the surroundings. It cannot be avoided by putting a molecular-level structure in a near-vacuum for example. Although there would be few random collisions to set such a Brownian particle in motion, equally there would be little viscosity to slow it down. These effects always cancel each other out and as long as a temperature for an object can be defined, it will undergo Brownian motion appropriate to that temperature (which determines the kinetic energy of the particle). In the absence of any other molecules, heat would still be transmitted from the hot walls of the container to the particle by electromagnetic radiation, the random emission and absorption of the photons producing the Brownian motion. In fact, even temperature is not a particularly effective modulator of Brownian motion since the velocity of the particles depends on the square root of the temperature. So to reduce random thermal fluctuations to 10% of the amount present at room temperature, one would have to drop the temperature from 300 K to 3K. It seems sensible, therefore, to try to utilise Brownian motion when designing molecular machines rather than make structures that have to fight against it. Indeed, the question...

„Über diesen Titel“ kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.

Verlag
Royal Society of Chemistry
Erscheinungsdatum
2007
Sprache
Englisch
ISBN 10 
0854043357
ISBN 13 
9780854043354
Einband
Gebundene Ausgabe
Anzahl der Seiten
532
Herausgeber
Shahinpoor Mohsen, Schneider Hans-Jorg
Kontakt zum Hersteller
Nicht verfügbar
Verantwortliche Person
Nicht verfügbar