Creating Networks in Chemistry: The Founding and Early History of Chemical Societies in Europe (Special Publications) - Hardcover

 
9780854042791: Creating Networks in Chemistry: The Founding and Early History of Chemical Societies in Europe (Special Publications)
Hardcover
ISBN 10: 0854042792 ISBN 13: 9780854042791
Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2008

Inhaltsangabe

During the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century chemical societies were established all over Europe. The book focuses on this process and further development of the European chemical societies before World War I and in exceptional cases up to 1930. It comprises chapters based on a common set of questions and an extensive concluding chapter that provides a comparative analysis of the early development of the European chemical societies. The book offers unique historical material showing the social, intellectual and political circumstances in which the chemical societies were constituted and function, their relations to universities and chemical industries, everyday lives, international contacts, etc. The analysis of data explores how networks in chemistry and professional autonomy were constituted, and investigates the process of demarcation that inevitably takes place when a social institution of a scientific discipline is formed. The reader gets answer to the important question of what chemistry was and was not in the latter half of nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. Various aspects of creating scientific societies have been of much interest to historians of science in recent years. Nevertheless, histories of scientific societies are mostly occasional publications written to celebrate their jubilees. This volume represents a first international comparative analysis on the beginnings of chemical societies in Europe based on a detailed historical research done by a group of renowned historians of chemistry from several countries. As such it is an entirely new contribution to the history of chemistry in Europe and European scientific societies in general and a unique source for chemists and historians. Its ambition is to become a reference work in history of chemistry, set the standard for similar studies in other disciplines, and serve European chemical societies to provide a context for their complex histories and relationships. The book can be read by miscellaneous audiences and various types of readers with diverse intentions who will benefit differently from it: -A member of a national chemical society will find there narrative on his "own" society's establishment and early history and the opportunity to compare it with societies from other countries -Historically interested chemists will find in the book details as well as wider perspectives on the institutional history of their discipline - Historians of chemistry will get a thoroughly documented and scholarly book on the early history of chemical societies in Europe, written by acknowledged colleagues. The individual chapters will offer additional literature and sources for their research into history of chemistry. -Historians of science will get material for comparative studies on scientific institutions on the roles of learned societies on national and international level. They can be inspired to create similar studies related to other scientific disciplines. The underlying common set of guidelines can provide methodological assistance. -Teachers of history of chemistry and history of science will find in the book additional reading material and literature. -Social and general historians will be given a well-edited and reliable source on a number of social institutions that played versatile roles in local/national settings. The establishment of chemical societies can be compared with other kinds of learned, professional, and amateur societies in the same period. They also will get data and information about some aspects of the scientific boom in the second half of the nineteenth century and pre-WW1 period.

Die Inhaltsangabe kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.

Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

PhD, Associate Professor and Senior Research Worker at the Institute of Contemporary History of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. External faculty at the Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Prague Charles University Faculty of Science (1990-2005). President of the Czech National Committee for History of Science and Technology. Corresponding Fellow of the International Academy of History of Science. Vice-President of the IUHPS/DHS Commission Women in Science. Member of the Scientific Board of the European Society for History of Science. Delegate of the Czech Chemical Society in the EuCheMS working party on history of chemistry.



PhD, Associate Professor and Senior Research Worker at the Institute of Contemporary History of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. External faculty at the Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Prague Charles University Faculty of Science (1990-2005). President of the Czech National Committee for History of Science and Technology. Corresponding Fellow of the International Academy of History of Science. Vice-President of the IUHPS/DHS Commission Women in Science. Member of the Scientific Board of the European Society for History of Science. Delegate of the Czech Chemical Society in the EuCheMS working party on history of chemistry.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

During the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, chemical societies were established all over Europe. This book focuses on this process and further development of the European chemical societies before World War I, and in exceptional cases up to 1930. Presenting unique historical material this title offers an insight into the social, intellectual and political circumstances in which the chemical societies were constituted and function. Details of relationships and connections to universities and chemical industries and international contacts are uncovered. The analysis of data explores how networks in chemistry and professional autonomy were constituted, and investigates the process of demarcation that inevitably takes place when a social institution of a scientific discipline is formed. The reader will find answers to the important question of what chemistry was and was not in the latter half of nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. This volume represents for the first time an international comparative analysis on the beginnings of chemical societies in Europe. This fascinating study, based on detailed historical research done by a group of renowned historians of chemistry from several countries, will serve the European chemical societies and provide a context for their complex histories and relationships. Ideal for those interested in the history of national societies and chemical history.

Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Creating Networks in Chemistry

The Founding and Early History of Chemical Societies in Europe

By Anita Kildebæk Nielsen, Sona Strbanova

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2008 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-85404-279-1

Contents

Chapter 1 AUSTRIA: Austrian Chemical Societies in the Last Decades of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1869–1914 W. Gerhard Pohl, 
Chapter 2 BELGIUM: From Industry to Academia: The Belgian Chemical Society, 1887–1914 Brigitte Van Tiggelen and Hendrik Deelstra, 
Chapter 2 CZECH LANDS: Chemical Socieies as Multifuctional Social Elements in the Czech Lands, 1866–1919 Sona Strbanova, 
Chapter 4 DENMARK: Creating a Danish Identity in Chemistry between Pharmacy and Engineering, 1879–1914 Anita Kildebæk Nielsen, 
Chapter 5 FRANCE: The Chemical Society of France in Its Formative Years, 1857–1914: Disciplinary Identity and the Struggle for Unity Ulrike Fell and Alan Rocke, 
Chapter 6 GERMANY: Discipline – Industry – Profession. German Chemical Organizations, 1867–1914 Jeffrey Allan Johnson, 
Chapter 7 GREAT BRITAIN: Chemical Societies and the Demarcation of the British Chemical Community, 1870–1914 Robin Mackie, 
Chapter 8 HUNGARY: Scientific Community of an Emancipating Nation: Chemical Societies in Hungary before 1914 Eva Katalin Vamos, 
Chapter 9 THE NETHERLANDS: Keeping the Ranks Closed: The Dutch Chemical Society, 1903–1914 Ernst Homburg, 
Chapter 10 NORWAY: A Group of Chemists in the Polytechnic Society in Christiania. The Norwegian Chemical Society, 1893–1916 Bjørn Pedersen, 
Chapter 11 POLAND: Chemists in a Divided Country. The Long-lasting Genesis and Early History of the Polish Chemical Society, 1767– 1923 Halina Lichocka, 
Chapter 12 PORTUGAL: Tackling a Complex Chemical Equation: The Portuguese Society of Chemistry, 1911–1926 Vanda Leitão, Ana Carneiro and Ana Simoes, 
Chapter 13 RUSSIA: The Formation of the Russian Chemical Society and Its History until 1914 Nathan M. Brooks, Masanori Kaji and Elena Zaitseva, 
Chapter 14 SWEDEN: The Chemical Society in Sweden: Eclecticism in Chemistry, 1883–1914 Anders Lundgren, 
Chapter 15 Creating Networks in Chemistry – Some Lessons Learned Anita Kildebæk Nielsen and Sona Strbanova, 
List of Contributors, 349, 
Notes on Contributors, 352, 
Index of Names, 358, 
Index of Institutions and Journals, 367, 
Subject Index, 390,


CHAPTER 1

AUSTRIA: Austrian Chemical Societies in the Last Decades of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1869–1914

W. GERHARD POHL


1.1 Chemistry Development and Chemical Education in Austria

Chemical industries in the Habsburg monarchy in most cases were developed in connection with mining, brewing and metallurgical engineering. Many parts of Central Europe, which are today the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, parts of Poland, Romania or Ukraine, were in the nineteenth century parts of the Austrian Empire. After 1848, and particularly in the Dual Monarchy after 1867, Hungary succeeded to develop independently.

Bohemia and Moravia (the Czech Lands) belonged economically and intellectually to the most developed part of the Empire, in which Czech- and German-speaking people lived. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the language of education was German in all institutions of higher learning but after 1869 a parallel polytechnic and in 1882 a parallel university were established in Prague, in which the language of education and research was Czech. As the German University in Prague and the German technical universities in Prague and Brno were closely integrated with all other Austrian institutions of higher learning (in Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, etc.) we consider the development of chemistry in these institutions, in which the language of instruction was German, as being part of the history of Austrian chemistry.

A considerable part of the rapidly developing chemical industry was owned or run by "Germans", often with their headquarters in Vienna, and therefore we also consider the development of this industry as part of the history of Austrian chemistry. Most factories were located in Bohemia and Lower Austria and produced a variety of acids, bases and salts, inorganic and organic dyes. In the first half of the nineteenth century the development of industry was supported by the state and polytechnic institutes were founded in Prague (1805), Graz (1811), Vienna (1815) and Brno (Brünn, 1849). Chemical education relevant for the industrial employment of graduates was established in these new institutes. Parallel with the increasing industrial production of chemicals mainly for the textile industry and ignition products like matches the number of students of chemistry doubled between the 1830s and the 1840s. Little theoretical research relevant for the development of chemistry was carried out before 1848 in Austria, neither in the universities nor in technical institutes. Therefore, many chemists tried to finish their studies with a doctoral thesis abroad, mainly in Germany.

In the second half of the nineteenth century chemical education was modernized under the influence of Justus von Liebig. Josef Redtenbacher in Prague and Vienna and Anton Schrötter in Graz and Vienna introduced in Austria Liebig's modern method of chemical education based on the laboratory work of all students. New chairs of chemistry were installed at universities and polytechnic institutes after the revolution of 1848. The organization of studies was reformed between 1849 and 1870. A third line of chemical education at a secondary level was established by the foundation of "Gewerbeschulen (technical secondary schools for chemistry).

Research at Austrian universities was mainly concerned with organic chemistry, particularly with substances isolated from plants. Austrian chemists published their results mainly in German journals before 1848. After the foundation of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1847, the Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften (Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna) were started in 1848 and Austrian chemists could then publish in that journal. Starting in 1880 chemical papers of the Sitzungsberichte were reprinted in the Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Wissenschaften (Monthly issues for chemistry and related sciences, today called Chemical Monthly. The titles "Monatshefte/Chemical Monthly" will be used throughout this paper). This journal was well accepted in Austria and also abroad. Another journal, the Berichte der Österreichischen Gesellschaft zur Förderung der chemischen Industrie (Proceedings of the Austrian Society for the Advancement of Chemical Industry), was published in Prague from 1879 until 1898.

Chemical research advanced in the last years of the nineteenth century, the industry grew and the number of chemistry students and graduates increased considerably. To support these developments and to make continued education possible, chemical associations seemed desirable.


1.2 Establishment of Chemical Societies

1.2.1 Predecessors of the Chemical Society

In 1869 the Chemisch-Physikalische Gesellschaft (CPG, Chemical-Physical Society) was founded by the chemist Heinrich Hlasiwetz and the physicists Josef Loschmidt, Josef Petzval and Josef Stefan. Aims of the association were to further the...

„Über diesen Titel“ kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.

Verlag
Royal Society of Chemistry
Erscheinungsdatum
2008
Sprache
Englisch
ISBN 10 
0854042792
ISBN 13 
9780854042791
Einband
Gebundene Ausgabe
Anzahl der Seiten
404
Herausgeber
Nielsen Anita Kildebuk, Strbanova Sona
Kontakt zum Hersteller
Nicht verfügbar
Verantwortliche Person
preigu
mail@preigu.de

Lengericher Landstr. 19
Osnabrück
49078
Deutschland

Weitere beliebte Ausgaben desselben Titels

9788540427921: [( Creating Networks in Chemistry: The Founding and Early History of Chemical Societies in Europe )] [by: Anita Kildebaek Nielsen] [Nov-2008]

Vorgestellte Ausgabe

ISBN 10:  8540427923 ISBN 13:  9788540427921
Hardcover