Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III (Special Publications) - Hardcover

 
9780854042630: Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III (Special Publications)

Inhaltsangabe

Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III is an authoritative, up to date review of research contributions presented at the 10th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists across the globe this edition provides information on:
- new methods of radioanalyses
- waste steams during decommissioning
- radioactivity measurements in the environment
- hazard assessment in decommissioning
- improvements in measurement instrumentation
- application of software to measurements
- current IAEA activities for the ALMERA network
- pro ciency testing and research and development in the NDA. This exceptional work o ers an insight into topical areas of research and is a key point of reference for graduates and professionals alike who work across  elds involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and hazards and waste research and disposal.

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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

The Editor Peter Warwick, BA, MSc, PhD, FRSC, CCHem is Professor of Environmental Radiochemistry, Director of the Centre for Environmental Studies and Head of the Department of Chemistry at Loughborough University. Professor Warwick is a part Chairman of the Radiochemical Methods Group, Analytical Division, the Royal Society of Chemistry and was awarded the Becquerel Medal by them in 2002 for ""outstanding contributions to radiochemistry"". His major research interests are in the chemistry of nuclear active wastes disposal and in developing new methods of analyses for decommissioning wastes.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III is an authoritative, up to date review of research contributions presented at the 10th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists across the globe this edition provides information on:
- new methods of radioanalyses
- waste steams during decommissioning
- radioactivity measurements in the environment
- hazard assessment in decommissioning
- improvements in measurement instrumentation
- application of software to measurements
- current IAEA activities for the ALMERA network
- pro ciency testing and research and development in the NDA. This exceptional work o ers an insight into topical areas of research and is a key point of reference for graduates and professionals alike who work across  elds involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and hazards and waste research and disposal.

Aus dem Klappentext

Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III is an authoritative, up to date review of research contributions presented at the 10th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists across the globe this edition provides information on:
- new methods of radioanalyses
- waste steams during decommissioning
- radioactivity measurements in the environment
- hazard assessment in decommissioning
- improvements in measurement instrumentation
- application of software to measurements
- current IAEA activities for the ALMERA network
- pro ciency testing and research and development in the NDA. This exceptional work o ers an insight into topical areas of research and is a key point of reference for graduates and professionals alike who work across  elds involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and hazards and waste research and disposal.

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Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III

By Peter Warwick

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2007 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-85404-263-0

Contents

Radionuclide Accumulation at a Hydroelectric Power Dam E. Holm, Y. Ranebo, M. Eriksson, P. Rons and M. Peterson, 1,
Determination of the Transfer of Tritium to Crops Fertilised with Contaminated Sewage Sludge G J Ham, B T Wilkins and D Wilding, 10,
Technetium-99 (99Tc) in Marine Food Webs in Norwegian Seas-Results from the Norwegian Radnor Project H. E. Heldal, K. Sjøtun and J. P. Gwynn, 19,
Measuring Thoron (220Rn) in Natural Waters W.C. Burnett, N. Dimova, H. Dulaiova, D. Lane-Smith, B. Parsa and Z. Szabo, 24,
The determination of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activity in Solids, Filters and Water - Validation of Dutch Pre-Norms P.J.M. Kwakman, E. van der Graaf and P. de Jong, 38,
Environmental Measurements of Radioxenon T.W. Bowyer, J.C. Hayes and J.I. McIntyre, 44,
Uptake of Uranium by Spinach Grown in Andosols Accumulating Trace Amounts of Fertiliser-Derived Uranium N. Yamaguchi, Y. Watanabe, A. Kawasaki and C. Inoue, 52,
Mineralogical and Particle Size Controls on 137Cs Abundances in Dounreay Offshore and Foreshore Sands Ian W. Croudace, Phillip E. Warwick and Joe Toole, 60,
Assessment of Possible Sources of Artificial Long-Lived Radionuclides in Environmental Samples by Measurement of Isotopic Composition Z. Varga, G. Surányi, N. Vajda and Z. Stefánka, 68,
A Rapid Method for the Preconcentration of Non-Refractory Am and Pu from 100g Soil Samples E. Philip Horwitz, Anil H. Thakkar and Daniel R. McAlister, 77,
Improvements in Underground Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and the Application of Measuring Radioactivity in Agricultural Samples P. Lindahl, M. Hult. F. Cordeiro, J. Gasparro, A. Maquet, G. Marissens and P. Kockerols, 86,
Responses of U and Pu to Microbially Driven Nitrate Reduction in Sediments M. Al-Bokari. C. Boothman, G. Lear, J.R. Lloyd and F.R. Livens, 95,
An Efficient and Optimised Total Combustion Method for Total H-3 and C-14 in Environmental and Decommissioning Samples J-S Oh, I Croudace, P Warwick and D J Kim, 101,
The Analytical Impact on Tritium Data from Storing Nuclear Decommissioning Samples under Different Conditions Dae Ji Kim, Ian W. Croudace and Phillip E. Warwick, 108,
Radionuclide Recording Levels and Prioritisation of Chemical / Radiochemical Analyses of Magnox Wastes for Nirex Compliance C. Kirby, D.J. Hebditch and R.E, Streatfield, 116,
Application of the Radiological Hazard Potential (RHP) to Radionuelides in Magnox Reactor Decommissioning R.E. Streatfield, D.J. Hebditch and W.H.R. Hudd, 126,
Determination of Tritium Radionuclide and Lithium Precursor in Magnox Reactor Steels W.A. Westall, R.E. Streatfield and D.J. Hebditch, 137,
Sequential Determination of Ca-41/45 and Sr-90 in an Activated Concrete Core F. Rowlands, P. Warwick and I. Croudace, 147,
The Chemistry of Ultra-Radiopure Materials H.S. Miley, C.E. Aalseth, A.R. Day. O.T. Farmer. J.E. Fast, E.W. Hoppe. T.W. Hossbach, K.E. Litke, J.I. McIntyre. E.A. Miller, A. Seifert and G.A. Warren, 154,
Independent Radiological Monitoring; Results of a Recent Intercomparison Exercise K.S. Leonard, S. Shaw. N. Wood, J.E. Rowe, S.M. Runacres D. McCubbin and S.M. Cogan, 162,
Routine Application of CN2003 Software to Laboratory Liquid Scintillation Calibration P.E. Warwick, I. W. Croudace and N.G. Holland, 169,
Easy Method of Concentration of Strontium Isotopes from Radioactive Aqueous Wastes for the determination of 90Sr by Liquid Scintillation Counting. Application of Strontium Empore Rad Disks E. Minne, F. Heynen and S. Hallez, 176,
Performance of a Portable, Electromechanically-Cooled HPGe Detector For Site Characterization R.M. Keyser and R.C. Hagenauer, 186,
Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Research and Development Needs, Risks and Opportunities Neil Smart, Andrew Jeapes and Ainsley Francis, 193,
The Performance of UK and Overseas Laboratories in Proficiency Tests for the Measurement of 241Am A.V. Harms, J.C.J. Dean, C.R.D. Gilligan and S.M. Jerome, 200,
Current IAEA Activities and Future Plans for the Almera Network Chang-Kyu Kim, Paul Martin and Gyutla Kis-Benedek, 207,
Isotope Index, 217,
Subject Index, 219,


CHAPTER 1

RADIONUCLIDE ACCUMULATION AT A HYDROELECTRIC POWER DAM


E. Holm, Y. Ranebo, M. Eriksson, P. Roos, M. Peterson


1 INTRODUCTION

There are about 1200 hydroelectric power plants in Sweden and several thousands of other water reservoirs for other purposes. World wide there are about 45 000 large dams in the world, the vast majority of which were constructed after 1950 and in total there are several millions of smaller ponds. These dams produce several benefits including supply of irrigation water, hydropower generation, flood control, recreation, fishing and others.

One hundred and ninety of the hydro electric plants in Sweden have depths larger than 13 m and up to 125 m. The history of these plants is well known with respect to physical parameters, construction year, etc. Generally the time of construction is different for different plants along a river. The constructed dams, which regulate the water flow, might act as flocculation basins. Very high sedimentation rates have been reported, up to 20 cm per year. High sedimentation rates will limit the time of operation in shallow dams and increase the potential hazard if the sediments are reintroduced to the environment. World wide there has been a large number of dam failures and in Sweden there have been 8 cases of serious floods and 2 cases of dam failures. Remedial actions for dams have been studied.

The retention of dissolved silicated (DSi) artificial dams in Sweden and Finland has been studied which show a reduction in the delivery to the coastal zone.

It is well known that anthroogenic radionuclides such as radiocaesium and plutonium together with natural 210Pb are accumulated in sediments and can be used for the dating/growth rate determination of the sediments. The flux of these radionuclides depends on factors, such as physical and chemical properties, biological factors etc,. Water dams along rivers will stop the water flow and might act as effective traps by sedimentation processes and accumulate material that otherwise would be transported to the sea.

We have studied the accumulation and vertical distribution of 210Pb, 137Cs and 239+240Pu in sediment cores from a dam (Granö hydroelectric power dam) situated in the Mörrum River at SE Sweden (Figure 1, Table 1). This dam was constructed in 1958, about the time when the first large scale world wide fallout from nuclear test occurred.

There are in principle two sources for anthropogenic radioactivity in rivers in Sweden,1954-58 (20%) and 1961-62 (80%), and the Chernobyl accident, 1986. These events are quite distinct in time and by using isotopic ratios and radionuclide ratios the two sources can be distinguished from each other. China and France also conducted nuclear tests during 1960-1980.

The dam at Granö was also selected for logistic reasons and the activity levels were expected to be high enough to allow meaningful analysis of the experimental data. Some basic parameters are given in the table below. The river receives water from a large upper lake, (area 150 km2 , 139 m over the sea level) and the catchment area of the lake is 3150 km2. The lake is shallow (mean depth 3 m) and the residence time of the...

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