Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

T Richard Hull is Professor of Chemistry and Fire Science at the University of Central Lancashire. His research focuses on fire retardancy and toxicity and he was involved in the development of the first ISO standard for assessment of fire gas toxicity. He has collaborated extensively with the main fire retardant groups across the globe. A recurrent theme in his work is the use of instrumental methods to understand fire behaviour. Baljinder K Kandola is Professor of Materials Fire Science at the University of Bolton, UK. Her career started with a PhD in chemistry and she has since worked on a range of multidisciplinary research projects involving chemistry, textiles, mechanical engineering and mathematics. Her interests are focused on fire retardancy of natural fibres, thermoplastic fibre-forming polymers and thermoset polymers. Her recent research includes burning and burning induced degradation of mechanical properties of fibre reinforced composites.

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Globally, fire retardants are needed to satisfy a multibillion dollar market. Fire retardancy of polymeric materials is an important component of fire safety. Fire retardants either reduce the likelihood of ignition and/or reduce the rate of flame spread and hence, escalation of fire. The need to comply with safety legislations forces industry to use fire retardants in materials in order to save lives. With growing consumer demands and new legislations, the development of new systems is an on-going process, which also involves understanding their mechanisms of action. This book covers the latest developments in fire retardant strategies including: -new fire retardant systems (including nanoparticulate fillers, sometimes combined with conventional fire retardants) -intumescent formulations and their recent applications in bulk polymers, fibres and textiles -test-methods for material flammability -material-specific aspects of combustion, smoke and toxicity. Fire retardant strategies covered, include the use of synergistic combinations of alumina with organoclay, organophosphorus compunds, silica and organosilicones, clay-phosphate combinations and a novel tecnhique for investigating fire rerardant behaviour. The section on nanoparticulate fillers includes an investigation on the effect of filler shape, the use of carbon nanofibres and nanotubes, the interpretation of nanocomposite behaviour in the cone calorimeter, and groundbreaking new research on the influence of rheological properties on burning behaviour. The coverage of fibres and textiles includes a discussion on trends in textile fire retardancy and flammability regulations, and some novel halogen-free approaches to fire retardancy of cellulose, acrylic and polypropylene textiles. Finally, the influence of fire retardants on fire toxicity is discussed in detail, followed by an investigation of the toxic products from burning fire retarded polymer nanocomposites. This book will update fire retardant materials' developers with latest in research and design of new fire retardant materials. It will also provide a snapshot of the state-of-the-art for a range of other groups including environmentalists looking for alternatives to brominated flame retardants and engineers needing to use fire safe materials in their projects.

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Fire Retardancy of Polymers

New Strategies and Mechanisms

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Contents

Introduction Polymers and Fire T.R. Hull and A.A. Stec, 
Chapter 1 Synergy between Nanometric Alumina and Organoclay in Conventional Fire Retardant Systems for Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate N. Cinausero, J.-M. Lopez-Cuesta, F. Laoutid, A. Piechaczyk and E. Leroy, 
Chapter 2 Strained Organophosphorus Compounds as Reactive Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials Bob A. Howell, 
Chapter 3 Amorphous Silicon Dioxide as Additive to Improve the Fire Retardancy of Polyamides G. Schmaucks, B. Friede, H. Schreiner and J.O. Roszinski, 
Chapter 4 Use of Organosilicone Composites as Flame Retardant Additives and Coatings for Polypropylene B.B. Marosfoi, A. Szabó, K. Kiss and G. Marosi, 
Chapter 5 Organomodified Ultrafine Kaolin for Mechanical Reinforcement and Improved Flame Retardancy of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate B. Swoboda, E. Leroy, J.-M. Lopez Cuesta, C. Artigo, C. Petter and C.H. Sampaio, 
Chapter 6 Complex Micro-analysis Assisted Design of Fire-Retardant Nanocomposites – Contribution to the Nanomechanism A. Szabó, B.B. Marosfoi, P. Anna and Gy. Marosi, 
Chapter 7 Impact of Nanoparticle Shape on the Flammability of Nanocomposites F. Yang, I. Bogdanova and G. L. Nelson, 
Chapter 8 Thermal and Combustion Behaviour of Polymer–Carbon Nanofibre Composites D. Tabuani, S. Pagliari, W. Gianelli and G. Camino, 
Chapter 9 Combination of Carbon Nanotubes with Fire Retardants: Thermal and Fire Properties of Polystyrene Nanocomposites Florentina Tutunea and Charles A. Wilkie, 
Chapter 10 Significant Assessment of Nanocomposites' Combustion Behaviour by the Appropriate Use of the Cone Calorimeter A. Fina, F. Canta A. Castrovinci and G. Camino, 
Chapter 11 Phosphorus-Based Epoxy Resin–Nanoclay Composites Jianwei Hao, Yanbing Xiong and Na Wu, 
Chapter 12 Study of the Relationship Between Flammability and Melt Rheological Properties of Flame-Retarded Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Containing Nanoclays S. Nazarre, T. R. Hull, B. Biswas, F. Samyn, S. Bourbigot, C. Jama, A. Castrovinci, A. Fina and G. Camino, 
Chapter 13 Thermal and Fire Performance of Flame-Retarded Epoxy Resin: Investigating Interaction Between Resorcinol Bis(Diphenyl Phosphate) and Epoxy Nanocomposites Charalampos Katsoulis, Everson Kandare and Baljinder K. Kandola, 
Chapter 14 Porosity Estimates of Intumescent Chars by Image Analysis J.E.J. Staggs, 
Chapter 15 Efficient Modelling of Temperatures in Steel Plates Protected by Intumescent Coating in Fire J.F. Yuan and Y.C. Wang, 
Chapter 16 Fire Retardancy and Fire Protection of Materials using Intumescent Coatings – A Versatile Solution? S. Duquesne, M. Jimenez and S. Bourbigot, 
Chapter 17 Trends in Textile Flame Retardants – a Market Review R. Hicklin, R. Padda and G. Lenotte, 
Chapter 18 New and Potential Textile Flammability Regulations and Test Methods within the USA P.J. Wakelyn, 
Chapter 19 Flame Retardancy of Cellulosic Fabrics: Interactions between Nitrogen Additives and Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants Sabyasachi Gaan, Gang Sun, Katherine Hutches and Mark Engelhard, 
Chapter 20 Synergistic Flame Retardant Copolymeric Polyacrylonitrile Fibres Containing Dispersed Phyllosilicate Clays and Ammonium Polyphosphate A.R. Horrocks, J. Hicks, P.J. Davies, A. Alderson and J. Taylor, 
Chapter 21 Flame Retardance of Polyacrylonitriles Covalently Modified with Phosphorus- and Nitrogen-Containing Groups John R. Ebdon, Barry J. Hunt, Paul Joseph and Tara K. Wilkie, 
Chapter 22 Novel Fire Retardant Backcoatings for Textiles M.A. Hassan, 
Chapter 23 Effect of Yarn, Fabric Construction and Colour in Respect of Red Reflectance and Pigmentation on the Thermal Properties and Limiting Oxygen Index of Flame Retardant Polypropylene Fabrics C. Kindness B.K. Kandola and A.R. Horrocks, 
Chapter 24 Influence of Fire Retardants on Toxic and Environmental Hazards from Fires David Purser, 
Chapter 25 Assessment of Fire Toxicity from Polymer Nanocomposites Anna A. Stec and T. Richard Hull, 
Subject Index, 419,