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This book provides an introduction to colloid science, based on the application of the principles of physical chemistry. Early chapters assume only an elementary knowledge of physical chemistry and provide the basis for more thorough discussion in later chapters covering specific aspects of colloid science. The widespread occurrence of colloids is stressed and the more important industrial applications of colloid technology are outlined. The final chapter deals with the future of colloid science and indicates the directions in which further developments are likely to take place. The book is ideal for undergraduate courses and, supplemented by further reading, for postgraduates too. It will also be useful to industrial research workers who wish to become familiar with the basic ideas and their many important applications to industry.

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Basic Principles of Colloid Science

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Contents

Preface, v, 
Chapter 1 What are Colloids?, 1, 
Introduction, 1, 
Definition of Colloids, 2, 
Colloids and Surface Chemistry, 8, 
Nomenclature, 10, 
An Historical Perspective, 11, 
An Illustrative Example: Colloidal Gold, 13, 
Chapter 2 Why are Colloidal Dispersions Stable? I Basic Principles, 16, 
Introduction, 16, 
The Meaning of 'Stability', 16, 
Surface Free Energy, 19, 
Repulsive Forces: The Total Free-Energy Curve, 24, 
Colloid Stability, 25, 
Appendix, 28, 
Chapter 3 Why are Colloidal Dispersions Stable? II Interparticle Forces, 30, 
Introduction, 30, 
Intermolccular Forces, 30, 
Interparticle Forces, 33, 
Effect of the Intervening Medium, 35, 
Electrostatic Forces: The Electrical Double Layer, 36, 
'Steric Repulsion': The Effect of Adsorbed or Anchored Layers, 45, 
Other Factors, 51, 
The Total-Interaction Potential Curve, 51, 
Summary, 52, 
Chapter 4 How are Colloidal Dispersions Prepared?, 54, 
Introduction, 54, 
Dispersion Methods, 54, 
Condensation Methods: Nuclcation and Particle Growth, 56, 
Emulsion and Dispersion Polymerisation, 60, 
Preparation of Monodisperse Colloids, 61, 
Chapter 5 What is the Role of Surface Chemistry? Surface Tension and Adsorption, 63, 
Introduction, 63, 
Adsorption, 63, 
The Gibbs Adsorption Equation, 67, 
The Influence of Adsorption on Interparticle Forces, 69, 
The Effect of the Curvature of Surfaces on Equilibrium, 72, 
Chapter 6 Some Important Properties of Colloids I Kinetic Properties, 76, 
Introduction, 76, 
Brownian Motion, 76, 
Diffusion, 79, 
Osmosis, 82, 
Donnan Equilibrium, 85, 
Dialysis, 88, 
Electrophoresis, Electro-osmosis, and Streaming Potentials, 89, 
Sedimentation and Creaming, 93, 
Chapter 7 Some Important Properties of Colloids II Scattering of Radiation, 95, 
Introduction, 95, 
Light Scattering, 95, 
Neutron Scattering, 108, 
Chapter 8 Some Important Properties of Colloids III Rheology, 110, 
Introduction, 110, 
Viscosity, 111, 
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Systems, 112, 
Rheology of Suspensions of Colloidal Particles, 115, 
Electroviscous Effects, 123, 
Rheological Spectroscopy, 124, 
Conclusion, 126, 
Chapter 9 How are Colloidal Dispersions Destroyed? I Aggregation Processes, 127, 
Introduction, 127, 
Flocculation and Coagulation of Electrostatically Stabilised Dispersions, 129, 
The Deryagin-Landau-Verwey-Overback (DLVO) Theory, 130, 
Reversible Flocculation, 134, 
Sterically Stabilised Systems, 137, 
Bridging Flocculation, 138, 
Depletion Flocculation, 139, 
Kinetics of Coagulation, 141, 
Heterocoagulation, 143, 
Structure of Flocs and Sediments, 144, 
Chapter 10 How are Colloidal Dispersions Destroyed? II Coalescence and Particle Growth, 146, 
Introduction, 146, 
Sintering or Particle Coalescence, 146, 
Particle Growth by 'Ripening', 148, 
Droplet Coalescence, 150, 
Chapter 11 Association Colloids and Self-Assembly Systems, 153, 
Introduction, 153, 
Micellisation, 153, 
Mechanism of Micellisation, 155, 
Solubilisation, 166, 
Chapter 12 Thin Films, Foams, and Emulsions, 167, 
Introduction, 167, 
Surface Tension and Film Tension, 167, 
Soap Films and Soap Bubbles, 168, 
Film Stability, 170, 
Film Elasticity, 176, 
Foams, 177, 
Foaming and Antifoaming Agents, 179, 
Froth Flotation, 180, 
Emulsions and Microemulsions, 182, 
Chapter 13 Gels, 185, 
Introduction, 185, 
Forces Leading to Gel Formation, 185, 
Swelling Properties of Gels, 189, 
Chapter 14 The Industrial Importance of Colloids, 191, 
Introduction, 191, 
Industrial Dispersions, 192, 
Colloids in the Energy Industries, 197, 
Colloids in the Food Industry, 200, 
Foams, 200, 
Elimination of Unwanted Colloids, 201, 
Chapter 15 The Future of Colloid Science, 202, 
Introduction, 202, 
van der Waals Forces, 202, 
Statistical Mechanics, 203, 
Light Scattering, 205, 
Neutron Scattering, 205, 
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 206, 
Rheology, 207, 
Direct Force Measurements, 207, 
Biological Systems, 208, 
Conclusions, 209, 
Appendix I Preparation of Some Simple Colloidal Systems, 210, 
Gold Sol, 210, 
Sulphur Sol, 210, 
Silver Bromide Sol, 210, 
Ferric Hydroxide Sol, 211, 
Emulsions and Microemulsions, 211, 
Polymer Latex, 211, 
Appendix II Some Simple Experiments with Colloids, 212, 
Appendix III Definitions and Measurement of Adsorption, 213, 
The Relative Adsorption, 213, 
Measurement of Adsorption, 214, 
Appendix IV The Gibbs Adsorption Equation, 217, 
Appendix V Influence of Adsorption on Interparticle Forces, 219, 
Appendix VI Steric Stabilisation, 220, 
Appendix VII Further Reading, 222, 
Subject Index, 233,