Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Barbara Reeves-Ellington is Associate Professor of History at Siena College in Loudonville, New York.

Kathryn Kish Sklar is Distinguished Professor of History at the State University of New York, Binghamton.

Connie A. Shemo is Assistant Professor of History at the State University of New York, Plattsburgh.

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"This rich, diverse collection of essays illuminates women's pivotal role in the Protestant missions that were at the center of Americans' interactions with Asia, Africa, and the Middle East in the nineteenth century and early twentieth. Throughout the pieces, readers witness the women that made missions possible--not only as missionaries, but also as sponsors and audiences--navigating the tensions and intersections between ideals and practices of spiritual equality and those of patriarchy, empire, and race, enlisting and challenging gendered conventions in the process. This volume will prove an indispensable guide in the effort to bring gender analysis, religious culture, and women's agency into an internationalized historiography of the United States."--Paul A. Kramer, author of "The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States and the Philippines"

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Contents

Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................................................................................xiIntroduction Barbara Reeves-Ellington, Kathryn Kish Sklar, and Connie A. Shemo..............................................................................................................1Women's Mission in Historical Perspective American Identity and Christian Internationalism Jane H. Hunter..................................................................................19Woman, Missions, and Empire New Approaches to American Cultural Expansion Ian Tyrrell......................................................................................................43Canonizing Harriet Newell Women, the Evangelical Press, and the Foreign Mission Movement in New England, 1800-1840 Mary Kupiec Cayton......................................................69An Unwomanly Woman and Her Sons in Christ Faith, Empire, and Gender in Colonial Rhodesia, 1899-1906 Wendy Urban-Mead.......................................................................94"So Thoroughly American" Gertrude Howe, Kang Cheng, and Cultural Imperialism in the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, 1872-1931 Connie A. Shemo..........................................117From Redeemers to Partners American Women Missionaries and the "Woman Question" in India, 1919-1939 Susan Haskell Khan.....................................................................141Settler Colonists, "Christian Citizenship," and the Women's Missionary Federation at the Bethany Indian Mission in Wittenberg, Wisconsin, 1884-1934 Betty Ann Bergland.....................167New Life, New Faith, New Nation, New Women Competing Models at the Door of Hope Mission in Shanghai Sue Gronewold..........................................................................195"No Nation Can Rise Higher than Its Women" The Women's Ecumenical Missionary Movement and Tokyo Woman's Christian College Rui Kohiyama.....................................................218Nile Mother Lillian Trasher and the Orphans of Egypt Beth Baron............................................................................................................................240Embracing Domesticity Women, Mission, and Nation Building in Ottoman Europe, 1832-1872 Barbara Reeves-Ellington............................................................................269Imperial Encounters at Home Women, Empire, and the Home Mission Project in Late Nineteenth-Century America Derek Chang.....................................................................293Three African American Women Missionaries in the Congo, 1887-1899 The Confluence of Race, Culture, Identity, and Nationality Sylvia M. Jacobs..............................................318"Stepmother America" The Woman's Board of Missions in the Philippines, 1902-1930 Laura R. Prieto...........................................................................................342Conclusion. Doing Everything Religion, Race, and Empire in the U.S. Protestant Women's Missionary Enterprise, 1812-1960 Mary A. Renda......................................................367Selected Bibliography........................................................................................................................................................................391Contributors.................................................................................................................................................................................397Index........................................................................................................................................................................................401

Chapter One

American Identity and Christian Internationalism

Jane H. Hunter

The events of the early twenty-first century present a challenge to historians of the United States as well as to scholars in political science, international relations, and the history of the Middle East. While the world history movement has swept up our colleagues in European, Asian, and African history, Americanists have too often remained stuck within the stories of the American continent, content to take advantage of the oceans on the east and west to disregard the global context which has governed American history, just as it has the histories of other nations around the world. Though most American historians today would disavow any notion of American exceptionalism-any notion that the nation's founding political documents have somehow sanitized American national projects-the failure of American historians to engage with larger international frameworks has allowed their students and readers to retain naive notions about the unique righteousness of the American role in the world. American historians now confront an urgent responsibility to insert American power, both hard and soft, back in the national story so that all Americans can develop a fuller understanding of its global consequences.

The erasure of the history of American foreign relations from the stories historians tell is an unfortunate and paradoxical result of the new American history. During the late twentieth century, the historical study of the American people was revolutionized, illuminated by the penetrating insights of social history and, more recently, by the creativity of a new group of cultural historians. The social historical turn, then the linguistic turn and the new cultural history have been enormously fruitful, but they have often restricted their focus to Americans' national land mass, indeed the site of ample drama and conflict. This golden age of American history has come at a cost. With the exception of continued attention to the century's wars, including the Cold War, American history textbooks have cut back their attention to what has been considered old-fashioned diplomatic history to showcase the dramatic insights of social history. The events of 9/11 and thereafter have shown American historians, along with other academics, the cost of Americans' ignorance about their country's global presence.

One exception to American ignorance has been the ongoing obsession of Americans with the Vietnam legacy-a scab that American writers, filmmakers, and politicians continue to pick at, even as the Vietnamese people themselves move on. The question of what Americans should have learned from the Vietnam War remains contested terrain, especially salient for a nation confronting the agonies and errors of Iraq. Certainly it influenced historians who came of age during the years of the Vietnam War. A generation of Vietnam scholars reflected on the ways in which the framework of the Cold War distorted the vision of American policy-makers, who misinterpreted the nationalist desires of a people subjected to a series of colonial masters. David Halberstam's The Best and the Brightest (1972) summarized the puzzlement of my parents' generation upon discovering that the best minds in the United States were inadequate to the task of understanding the ongoing conflict in Southeast Asia.

This was the context in which I wrote my decades-old missionary book, Gospel of...