Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Jane S. Jaquette is Bertha Harton Orr Professor in the Liberal Arts and Professor of Politics at Occidental College in Los Angeles. She is the editor of The Women's Movement in Latin America: Feminism and the Transition to Democracy and a coeditor of Women and Democracy: Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe.

Gale Summerfield is Director of the Women and Gender in Global Perspectives Program and Associate Professor in Human and Community Development at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. She is a coeditor of Women's Rights to House and Land: China, Laos, Vietnam and Women in the Age of Economic Transformation: Gender Impact of Reforms in Post-Socialist and Developing Countries.

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"This excellent collection by leading scholars and policy actors sets the ongoing gender and development debate in the context of the changing international political and policy climate. In bringing different regional perspectives to bear on the new challenges facing gender justice advocates, it updates critical thinking on the urgency of applying gender analysis to development policy, human security, and globalization."--Maxine Molyneux, author of "Women's Movements in International Perspective: Latin America and Beyond"

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Women and Gender Equity in Development Theory and Practice

Duke University Press

Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................................viiIntroduction Jane S. Jaquette and Gale Summerfield...........................................................................................................1I. Institutional Opportunities and Barriers...................................................................................................................15Women, Gender, and Development Jane S. Jaquette and Kathleen Staudt..........................................................................................17Mainstreaming Gender in International Organizations Elisabeth Prgl and Audrey Lustgarten....................................................................53From "Home Economics" to "Microfinance": Gender Rhetoric and Bureaucratic Resistance David Hirschmann........................................................71Contributions of a Gender Perspective to the Analysis of Poverty Sylvia Chant................................................................................87What is Justice? Indigenous Women in Andean Development Projects Maruja Barrig...............................................................................107II. Livelihood and Control of Resources.......................................................................................................................135Gender Equity and Rural Land Reform in China Gale Summerfield................................................................................................137Unequal Rights: Women and Property Diana Lee-Smith and Catalina Hinchey Trujillo.............................................................................159On Loan from Home: Women's Participation in Formulating Human Settlements Policies Faranak Miraftab..........................................................173In Theory and in Practice: Women Creating Better Accounts of the World Louise Fortmann.......................................................................191Women's Work: The Kitchen Kills More than the Sword Kirk R. Smith............................................................................................202III. Women's Mobilization and Power...........................................................................................................................217Women's Movements in the Globalizing World: The Case of Thailand Amara Pongsapich............................................................................219T-Shirts to Web Links: Women Connect! Communications Capacity-Building with Women's NGOs Doe Mayer, Barbara Pillsbury, and Muadi Mukenge.....................240Empowerment Just Happened: The Unexpected Expansion of Women's Organizations Irene Tinker....................................................................268Acronyms......................................................................................................................................................303Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................306Contributors..................................................................................................................................................352Index.........................................................................................................................................................357

Chapter One

Women, Gender, and Development

Jane S. Jaquette and Kathleen Staudt

By many measures, the field of women/gender and development (WID/GAD) is quite robust. The UN Development Program (UNDP) and other UN agencies have made gender a focus of their development reviews. The World Bank (2001a), long noted for its resistance to gender issues, recently published Engendering Development Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice, linking development to the broader context of women's rights, the explicit focus of a new volume edited by Maxine Molyneux and Shahra Razavi (2003). Economists Diane Elson (1995a, 2003), and Lourdes Benera (2003) use gender as a fulcrum to better understand and critique economic processes of globalization.

WID and GAD analyses have had an impact on development discourse and on the way aid is administered, but they have been less successful in making a material difference for the vast majority of women in developing countries. Development is not mainly produced by the actions of donor agencies, of course. In the last decade, the direction of economic change has been vastly more affected by private capital flows, currency crises, privatization, and the pressure to adopt open markets and export-oriented growth than by public or private development assistance. Cuts in social spending have increased the burdens on women's labor. Declining incomes and higher male unemployment have pushed women into paid work. Women's labor is the key to export strategies based on free trade zones (FTZS). Market reforms have not generated the growth that the reformers promised. Inequalities are increasing, and the number of people living in poverty, a category disproportionately occupied by women and children, has been growing (see Benera 2003).

Yet donor agencies remain an important arena for addressing development issues and pursuing gender equity. Donors, not markets, engage in policy dialogues, take social criteria into account, and try to implement "participatory development." Bureaucracies are often thought of as resistant to change. In our experience, development agencies and NGOs actively seek new approaches, and advocates for women can take advantage of these openings. Growing discontent with "market fundamentalism" may also provide opportunities that those in the field should be prepared to pursue.

However, the field is divided, and advocates and scholars seem unable to move beyond the debates that were salient over a decade ago. In the thirty years since Ester Boserup published her classic study, Woman's Role in Economic Development (1970), two major approaches have dominated the field. The women in development (WID) model challenged the male bias in foreign assistance in the 1970s, and the gender and development (GAD) approach, which emerged in the late 1980s, put women and development in the context of gender power relations.

This essay reviews WID and GAD with two goals in mind. The first is historical. It is clear that both models reflected trends in feminist theory: WID drew on the liberal egalitarianism of "second wave" Northern feminism in the 1970s, and GAD responded to the rise of postcolonial feminism and the impressive growth of Third World women's movements in the 1980s. But the turn from WID to GAD in the late 1980s (and the addition of the "democracy agenda" by the 1990s) were also reactions to major shifts in the international system. In the 1960s and 70s, international development politics operated from Keynesian assumptions, which were being pushed to the left by dependency theory and the North/South dialogue. By the mid-1980s, supply side economics had displaced Keynesianism, and the neoliberal Washington Consensus remains the dominant view...