Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Vincanne Adams is Professor in the Department of Anthropology, History, and Social Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. She is the author of Doctors for Democracy: Health Professionals in the Nepal Revolution.

Stacy Leigh Pigg is Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia. She is the editor of the journal Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness.

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"This important and timely book makes a case for thinking in new directions about sexuality in relation to the 'scientization' of development policies. It will become an important reference work for future scholarship in anthropology, public health, and gender and sexuality studies, and, one would hope, in development studies."--Rayna Rapp, coeditor of "Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction"

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SEX IN DEVELOPMENT

Duke University Press

Contents

Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................ixIntroduction: The Moral Object of Sex STACY LEIGH PIGG VINCANNE ADAMS.........................................................................1Globalizing the Facts of Life STACY LEIGH PIGG.................................................................................................39Part 1 The Production of New Subjectivities....................................................................................................67Moral Science and the Management of "Sexual Revolution" in Russia MICHELE RIVKIN-FISH..........................................................71Family Planning, Human Nature, and the Ethical Subject of Sex in Urban Greece HEATHER PAXSON...................................................95From Auntie to Disco: The Bifurcation of Risk and Pleasure in Sex Education in Uganda SHANTI A. PARIKH.........................................125Part 2 The Creation of Normativities as a Biopolitical Project.................................................................................159Sexuality, the State, and the Runaway Wives of Highlands Papua, Indonesia LESLIE BUTT..........................................................163"Ordinary" Sex, Prostitutes, and Middle-Class Wives: Liberalization and National Identity in India HEATHER S. DELL..............................187Moral Orgasm and Productive Sex: Tantrism Faces Fertility Control in Lhasa, Tibet (China) VINCANNE ADAMS.......................................207Part 3 Contestations of Liberal Humanism Forged in Sexual Identity Politics....................................................................241Uses and Pleasures: Sexual Modernity, HIV/AIDS, and Confessional Technologies in a West African Metropolis VINH-KIM NGUYEN.....................245The Kothi Wars: aids Cosmopolitanism and the Morality of Classification LAWRENCE COHEN.........................................................269References......................................................................................................................................305Contributors....................................................................................................................................333Index...........................................................................................................................................335

Chapter One

Globalizing the Facts of Life

* * *

Sexuality has been the last domain (trailing even gender) to have its natural, biologized status called into question.-CAROLE VANCE

It is April 1997 and a week-long refresher course for youth "peer educators," run by a Nepali nongovernmental organization (NGO) with funds aimed at HIV/AIDS prevention activities for young people, is being held in a rooftop meeting room in a modest hotel for local travelers in the city of Pokhara in Nepal. Six months earlier this group of Nepali college students, ranging in age from eighteen to twenty-one, had spent two weeks learning about sexual health, sexually transmitted diseases (STDS), AIDS, and condoms. Now they had been brought together for an additional week of discussions, role-playing exercises, and education. A mild breeze flutters papers on tabletops as twenty students shift restlessly in their seats, hoping to cover up the fact that they cannot remember the set of vocabulary terms that they had been assigned to master in their first round of training. Each student examines a photocopied worksheet with three simple line drawings labeled "male genitalia," "female genitalia (external)," and "female genitalia (internal)." Arrows extend from the drawings to blank lines, where these peer educators in training are expected to fill in the correct term. Some of these body parts, like the penis, are easy enough to identify on the drawing, and young men and women alike know the appropriate technical term to write on their sheet of paper. Other parts are harder to identify; indeed, some are organs that these students have never had occasion to consider, much less name, either because it has never been considered important to do so or because these organs are not externally visible-or both. The black squiggles on white paper are drawn from an anatomist's or gynecologist's angle of inspection, and these peculiar renderings of the most intimate regions of the body do not necessarily match the landscape known to the embodied self.

When this worksheet was passed to me, I had a sudden flashback to the sex education courses I had sat through in church basements and in school classrooms as a teenager in suburban Milwaukee. The worksheets whose arcane information was confounding the Nepali students might have been taken from the same sex education textbook from which I had been taught. For that teenaged me, living some twenty-five years earlier in an American midde-class enclave coming to grips with the so-called sexual revolution, information about the reproductive organs, hormonal changes in puberty, the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and fertilization was fundamentally integrated into my concepts of "sex," along with "facts" about masturbation (normal), homosexuality (possibly okay but not normal), and gendered differences in desire (girls have to be careful not to lead boys on because the latter can't control themselves). I was awash in medico-moral discourses on sex, buffeted on one side by the sex education classes taught by the gym teacher and on the other by my reading of Our Bodies, Ourselves, the bible of the women's health movement (with furtive peeks at The Joy of Sex sandwiched in-between).

That April in 1997, watching the Nepali students struggle with their worksheets, it struck me that outside of this training session there were few (if any) other ways that they would encounter this particular configuration of information about the body. I realized then just how deeply my own body sense was informed by the sexual sciences. The facts of life that seemed obvious and basic to me and that shaped the way I handled my sexual relationships and my reproductive possibilities were not the same as those shared by the rest of the people in the room that day. The formats within which I have encountered this information, the myriad subtle ways it has always been echoed and reinforced in my world, and the uses to which I have put it have made it-and the phrase itself is telling-"second nature" for me. Would it become so for these Nepali students?

Stepping Back: Sex Education and Persuasion

Worldwide, health programs dealing with fertility regulation, reproductive health, and HIV/STD prevention are based on and actively promulgate a particular set of ideas about the sexual and reproductive body. Planned by experts in public health and development, set up within the context of national governments and donor-government-NGO relations, and tied to visions of social reform, these programs eventually take concrete form in the often mundane activities of education and service delivery. Some of these activities involve concrete alterations to the body (getting Norplant into arms, condoms onto penises, penicillin into bloodstreams,...