Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Roland Hsu is Assistant Director of the Forum on Contemporary Europe at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and Lecturer in the Humanities at Stanford University.

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Ethnic Europe

STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents

Contributors.....................................................................................................................................................viiAcknowledgments..................................................................................................................................................xv1. The Ethnic Question: Premodern Identity for a Postmodern Europe? ROLAND HSU..................................................................................12. Membership and Its Politics SASKIA SASSEN....................................................................................................................213. Ethnicity in Post-Cold War Europe, East and West ROGERS BRUBAKER.............................................................................................444. New Ways of Thinking About Identity in Europe SALVADOR CARDS................................................................................................635. Veiled Truths: Discourses of Ethnicity in Contemporary France ALEC G. HARGREAVES.............................................................................836. Europe's Internal Exiles: Sound, Image, and Performance of Identity in Zelimir Zilnik's Films PAVLELEVI AND ZELIMIR ZILNIK...................................1047. The Return of Ethnicity to Europe via Islamic Migration? The Ethnicization of the Islamic Diaspora BASSAM TIBI...............................................1278. Germans and Jews in Turkey: Ethnic Anxiety and Mimicry in the Making of the European Turk KADER KONUK........................................................1579. Experiment Mars, Turkish Migration, and the Future of Europe: Imaginative Ethnoscapes in Contemporary GermanLiterature LESLIE A. ADELSON.....................19110. Jews in Contemporary Europe CAROLE FINK.....................................................................................................................212Index............................................................................................................................................................241

Chapter One

Premodern Identity for a Postmodern Europe?

ROLAND HSU

In periods of European Union expansion and economic contraction, European leaders have been pressed to define the basis for membership and for accommodating the free movement of citizens. With the lowering of Europe's internal borders, the member nations have raised the question of whether a European passport is sufficient to integrate mobile populations into local communities. Addressing the European Parliament on the eve of the 1994 vote on the Czech Republic accession to the European Union, Vaclav Havel, then president of the Czech Republic, selected particular civic values to define the new Europe to which all citizens would subscribe:

The European Union is based on a large set of values, with roots in antiquity and in Christianity, which over 2,000 years evolved into what we recognize today as the foundations of modern democracy, the rule of law and civil society. This set of values has its own clear moral foundation and its obvious metaphysical roots, whether modern man admits it or not.

Havel's claim that Greco-Roman and Christian values define what it means to be European can be read as a prescription for policy, and even sociability. In the increasingly multicultural Europe his definition has been repeated, but it has also been challenged: scholars, policy makers, and ethnic community representatives debate the most effective response to increasing heterogeneity and social conflict. For those who endorse, and also for those who reject Havel's idea of binding moral roots, this new collection on ethnicity in globalized Europe reveals surprising positions.

The scale and quality of change since Havel's 1994 speech challenges confidence that we know the principles to socialize new Europe. During 1995-2005, immigration into the European Union grew at more than double the annual rate of the previous decade. Within the overall population growth, employment statistics, specifically for residents of very recent immigrant origin, are difficult to aggregate, but in terms of accessing professional positions, the numbers show a steep downward trend. As immigration continues to grow, the lagging employment statistics offer one kind of evidence that recent immigrants face disproportionate difficulty accessing economic benefits beyond state welfare and unemployment provisions. In this constituency, the rising entry rate and falling number of fully employed raise questions about how newer ethnic communities integrate into local community, and also about how they participate in the Union's system of expanding regional mobility. Once within the European Union, does the failure of particular groups to gain professional employment constrain access to economic and educational mobility? What impact does the lack of mobility have on ethnic and civic identity?

This collection offers new ways to see how thinking ethnically, even in sympathy with minority rights, may be creating a condition that constrains the European Union's grand promise of a European community. While Europe's open internal borders offer the promise of professional and social mobility, the region is following two tracks, in one direction for mobile citizens and in another for immigrants who arrive from increasingly distant origins and who do not integrate in the flow of students and advanced professionals able to relocate around Europe. In one tightly integrated volume, this collection gives the reader the unique and exciting combination of social science and humanist answers to these questions of globalized Europe. The essays, written by some of our most influential authors and analysts, take us into Europe's fast-growing communities, sweeping us from the global to the local. The collection moves along as if descending from the high vantage point of generalized views of mass-scale diasporas, down into the details of neighborhoods, borderlands, and the arts and literature spawned by the creative mixing of ethnic cultures. We begin by forming a theoretical basis for discussion.

Using Ethnicity

Beyond lack of integration, increasingly intense and at times violent conflict raises questions about ethnic theory and policy. When we use ethnic categories, do we protect or rather divide and marginalize an identity? In the East, such questions spring from states founded on ethnic ties: will European Union and international community safeguards of ethnic Balkan enclaves produce normalized relations after massacres and ethnic cleansing? Does European and U.S. recognition of Albanian Kosovo validate claims for Flanders, Scottish, and Corsican independence and Basque ethnic heritage? Does litigation in the name of Roma-as opposed to human-rights impose on Italy and Croatia a mandate for effective policies of integration, or segregation? In the West, concern stems from the contrary tradition of suppressing the politics of ethnic difference: the widespread riots in France in 2005 and 2007 by urban youths of mainly North and West African descent against police forces raise questions about the relevance and enforcement of the French non-ethnic, secular, republican model. In the United Kingdom, the tradition of multiculturalism, while distinct from...