1 Biological functions of vitamins.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Retinol (vitamin A) and the provitamin carotenoids.- 1.3 Vitamin D.- 1.4 Vitamin E (tocopherol).- 1.5 Vitamin K.- 1.6 Thiamin.- 1.7 Riboflavin.- 1.8 Pyridoxin.- 1.9 Niacin.- 1.10 Vitamin B12.- 1.11 Folates.- 1.12 Pantothenic acid.- 1.13 Biotin.- 1.14 Taurine and choline.- 1.15 Carnitine.- 1.16 Ascorbic acid.- 1.17 Other organic trace constituents of food.- 1.18 Vitamins and ’free radical’ damage.- Further reading.- 2 Natural occurrence of vitamins in food.- 2.1 Fat soluble vitamins and carotenoids.- 2.1.1 Vitamin A and the carotenoids.- 2.1.2 Determination of vitamin A in foods.- 2.1.3 Natural sources of retinoids and carotenoids.- 2.1.4 Vitamin D.- 2.1.5 Vitamin E.- 2.1.6 Vitamin K.- 2.2 Water soluble vitamins.- 2.2.1 Thiamin.- 2.2.2 Riboflavin.- 2.2.3 Niacin.- 2.2.4 Vitamin B6.- 2.2.5 Vitamin B12.- 2.2.6 Pantothenic acid.- 2.2.7 Biotin.- 2.2.8 Folic acid.- 2.2.9 Vitamin C.- References.- 3 Nutritional aspects of vitamins.- 3.1 Vitamin deficiency diseases.- 3.1.1 Introduction.- 3.1.2 Fat soluble vitamins.- 3.1.3 Water soluble vitamins: the vitamin B-complex.- 3.1.4 Water soluble vitamins: vitamin C.- 3.2 Recommended daily allowances.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 International concepts of the function of RDAs/RDIs.- 3.3 Safety.- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Issues.- 3.3.3 Attitudes.- 3.3.4 Need.- 3.3.5 Adventitious acquisition.- 3.3.6 Safety and RDAs (DRVs).- 3.3.7 Need and consumption.- 3.3.8 Possible guidelines for safety.- References.- 4 Industrial production.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 History.- 4.1.2 Current situation.- 4.1.3 Future production.- 4.2 Vitamin production.- 4.2.1 Vitamin A.- 4.2.2 Provitamin A: ß-carotene.- 4.2.3 Vitamin B1: thiamine.- 4.2.4 Vitamin B2: riboflavin.- 4.2.5 Niacin.- 4.2.6 Pantothenic acid.- 4.2.7 Vitamin B6: pyridoxine.- 4.2.8 Folic acid.- 4.2.9 Vitamin B12.- 4.2.10 Vitamin C.- 4.2.11 Vitamin D.- 4.2.12 Vitamin E: ?-tocopherols.- 4.2.13 Vitamin F group.- 4.2.14 Biotin (vitamin H).- 4.2.15 Vitamin K.- References.- 5 Stability of vitamins in food.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Fat soluble vitamins.- 5.2.1 Vitamin A.- 5.2.2 Vitamin E.- 5.2.3 Vitamin D.- 5.2.4 Vitamin K.- 5.2.5 ?-carotene (provitamin A).- 5.3 Water soluble vitamins.- 5.3.1 Thiamin (vitamin B1).- 5.3.2 Riboflavin (vitamin B2).- 5.3.3 Niacin.- 5.3.4 Pantothenic acid.- 5.3.5 Folic acid.- 5.3.6 Pyridoxine (vitamin B6).- 5.3.7 Vitamin B12.- 5.3.8 Biotin.- 5.3.9 Vitamin C.- 5.4 Vitamin-vitamin interactions.- 5.4.1 Ascorbic acid-folic acid.- 5.4.2 Ascorbic acid-vitamin B12.- 5.4.3 Thiamin-folic acid.- 5.4.4 Thiamin-vitamin B12.- 5.4.5 Riboflavin-thiamin.- 5.4.6 Riboflavin-folic acid.- 5.4.7 Riboflavin-ascorbic acid.- 5.4.8 Other interactions.- 5.5 Processing losses.- 5.5.1 Vegetables and fruits.- 5.5.2 Meat.- 5.5.3 Milk.- 5.6 Irradiation.- 5.7 Food product shelf life.- 5.8 Protection of vitamins.- References.- 6 Vitamin fortification of foods (specific applications).- 6.1 Addition of vitamins to foods.- 6.1.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Beverages.- 6.2.1 Vitiminisation of instant beverages.- 6.2.2 Vitiminisation of concentrates, nectars and juice drinks.- 6.2.3 Vitamin stability.- 6.2.4 Vitamin incorporation.- 6.3 Cereal products.- 6.3.1 Breakfast cereals.- 6.3.2 Bread.- 6.3.3 Pasta.- 6.4 Dairy products.- 6.4.1 Milk.- 6.4.2 Yoghurt.- 6.4.3 Ice cream.- 6.4.4 Margarine.- 6.5 Confectionery.- 6.5.1 Hard boiled candies.- 6.5.2 Chocolate.- 6.5.3 Fondant.- 6.5.4 Marshmallows.- 6.5.5 Pectin jellies.- 6.5.6 Starchjellies.- 6.5.7 Chewing gum.- References.- 7 Vitamins as food additives.- 7.1 Ascorbic acid (vitamin C).- 7.1.1 Properties.- 7.1.2 Fruit, vegetables and fruit juices.- 7.1.3 Soft drinks.- 7.1.4 Beer.- 7.1.5 Wine.- 7.1.6 Flour and bread.- 7.1.7 Pasta.- 7.1.8 Meat processing.- 7.2 Carotenoids (provitamins A).- 7.2.1 Properties.- 7.2.2 Fat based foods.- 7.2.3 Water based foods.- 7.3 Riboflavin (vitamin B2).- 7.4 Niacin.- 7.5 dl-?-tocopherol (vitamin E).- 7.5.1 Oils and fats.- References.- 8 Vitamin an
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The last few years have seen a growing consumer awareness of nutrition and healthy eating in general. As a consequence, the food industry has become more concerned with the nutritional value of products and the maintenance of guaranteed micronutrient levels. While the food industry has the responsibility of producing foods that provide a realistic supply of nutrients, including vitamins, it is now also required to offer produce with a high degree of convenience and a long shelf life.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The last few years have seen a growing consumer awareness of nutrition and healthy eating in general. As a consequence, the food industry has become more concerned with the nutritional value of products and the maintenance of guaranteed micronutrient levels. While the food industry has the responsibility of producing foods that provide a realistic supply of nutrients, including vitamins, it is now also required to offer produce with a high degree of convenience and a long shelf life. Vitamins are relatively unstable, being affected by factors such as heat, light and other food components, but also by the processes needed to preserve the goods or to convert them into consumer products (such as pasteurization, sterilization, extrusion and irradiation). The result of these interactions may be a partial or total degradation of the vitamins. Food technology is concerned with both the maintenance of vitamin levels in foods and the restoration of the vitamin content to foods where losses have occurred. In addition, foods designed for special nutritional purposes, such as infant food and slimming goods, need to be enriched or fortified with vitamins and other micronutrients. This book reviews vitamins as ingredients of industrially manufactured food products. The technology of their production and use is covered from the food technologist's and engineer's points of view. Detailed coverage is also provided of other technical aspects such as analysis, stability and the use of vitamins as food technological aids. Artikel-Nr. 9780751400922
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