Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Eldar Shafir is the William Stewart Tod Professor of Psychology and Public Affairs in the Department of Psychology and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University.

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"Roll over economists. We have always, pridefully, thought of ourselves as the major arbiters of good public policy: take it or leave it based on cost-benefit analysis.The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy challenges that hegemony. In each interesting chapter--on topics ranging from discrimination and poverty to health, savings, and bureaucracy--the book shows the role of psychology in public policy. Only one word can describe this book: wow!"--George Akerlof, Nobel Laureate in Economics

"This book establishes that psychology has a great deal to contribute on public policy matters of great concern to everyone. I doubt whether so many superb psychologists and behavioral scientists have been found between the covers of a single book before. Their contributions do not disappoint and it seems certain that many policy issues are going to look different from now on."--Richard Nisbett, University of Michigan

"From well-documented biases to important discrimination and intervention policies, this amazing collection takes a systematic approach to behavioral aspects of public policy and gathers together the best in the psychology of decision making and behavioral economics."--Uri Gneezy, University of California, San Diego

"Behavioral public policy is an emerging field, with a great deal of interesting work just beginning to be done. This book is a compilation of perspectives by a truly stellar collection of leading researchers in a range of social science disciplines. For graduate-level courses on public policy, it is difficult to imagine any book that is better for learning about this field."--Daniel J. Benjamin, Cornell University

Aus dem Klappentext

"Roll over economists. We have always, pridefully, thought of ourselves as the major arbiters of good public policy: take it or leave it based on cost-benefit analysis.The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy challenges that hegemony. In each interesting chapter--on topics ranging from discrimination and poverty to health, savings, and bureaucracy--the book shows the role of psychology in public policy. Only one word can describe this book: wow!"--George Akerlof, Nobel Laureate in Economics

"This book establishes that psychology has a great deal to contribute on public policy matters of great concern to everyone. I doubt whether so many superb psychologists and behavioral scientists have been found between the covers of a single book before. Their contributions do not disappoint and it seems certain that many policy issues are going to look different from now on."--Richard Nisbett, University of Michigan

"From well-documented biases to important discrimination and intervention policies, this amazing collection takes a systematic approach to behavioral aspects of public policy and gathers together the best in the psychology of decision making and behavioral economics."--Uri Gneezy, University of California, San Diego

"Behavioral public policy is an emerging field, with a great deal of interesting work just beginning to be done. This book is a compilation of perspectives by a truly stellar collection of leading researchers in a range of social science disciplines. For graduate-level courses on public policy, it is difficult to imagine any book that is better for learning about this field."--Daniel J. Benjamin, Cornell University

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The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy

Princeton University Press

Contents

Foreword Daniel Kahneman.............................................................................................................................................viiList of Contributors..................................................................................................................................................xiAcknowledgments.......................................................................................................................................................xviiIntroduction Eldar Shafir............................................................................................................................................1Chapter 1. The Nature of Implicit Prejudice: Implications for Personal and Public Policy Curtis D. Hardin Mahzarin R. Banaji........................................13Chapter 2. Biases in Interracial Interactions: Implications for Social Policy J. Nicole Shelton Jennifer A. Richeson John F. Dovidio...............................32Chapter 3. Policy Implications of Unexamined Discrimination: Gender Bias in Employment as a Case Study Susan T. Fiske Linda H. Krieger..............................52Chapter 4. The Psychology of Cooperation: Implications for Public Policy Tom Tyler...................................................................................77Chapter 5. Rethinking Why People Vote: Voting as Dynamic Social Expression Todd Rogers Craig R. Fox Alan S. Gerber.................................................91Chapter 6. Perspectives on Disagreement and Dispute Resolution: Lessons from the Lab and the Real World Lee Ross.....................................................108Chapter 7. Psychic Numbing and Mass Atrocity Paul Slovic David Zionts Andrew K. Woods Ryan Goodman Derek Jinks....................................................126Chapter 8. Eyewitness Identification and the Legal System Nancy K. Steblay Elizabeth F. Loftus......................................................................145Chapter 9. False Convictions Phoebe Ellsworth Sam Gross.............................................................................................................163Chapter 10. Behavioral Issues of Punishment, Retribution, and Deterrence John M. Darley Adam L. Alter...............................................................181Chapter 11. Claims and Denials of Bias and Their Implications for Policy Emily Pronin Kathleen Schmidt..............................................................195Chapter 12. Questions of Competence: The Duty to Inform and the Limits to Choice Baruch Fischhoff Sara L. Eggers....................................................217Chapter 13. If Misfearing Is the Problem, Is Cost-Benefit Analysis the Solution? Cass R. Sunstein....................................................................231Chapter 14. Choice Architecture and Retirement Saving Plans Shlomo Benartzi Ehud Peleg Richard H. Thaler...........................................................245Chapter 15. Behavioral Economics Analysis of Employment Law Christine Jolls..........................................................................................264Chapter 16. Decision Making and Policy in Contexts of Poverty Sendhil Mullainathan Eldar Shafir.....................................................................281Chapter 17. Psychological Levers of Behavior Change Dale T. Miller Deborah A. Prentice..............................................................................301Chapter 18. Turning Mindless Eating into Healthy Eating Brian Wansink................................................................................................310Chapter 19. A Social Psychological Approach to Educational Intervention Julio Garcia Geoffrey L. Cohen..............................................................329Chapter 20. Beyond Comprehension: Figuring Out Whether Decision Aids Improve People's Decisions Peter Ubel...........................................................351Chapter 21. Using Decision Errors to Help People Help Themselves George Loewenstein Leslie John Kevin G. Volpp.....................................................361Chapter 22. Doing the Right Thing Willingly: Using the Insights of Behavioral Decision Research for Better Environmental Decisions Elke U. Weber.....................380Chapter 23. Overcoming Decision Biases to Reduce Losses from Natural Catastrophes Howard Kunreuther Robert Meyer Erwann Michel-Kerjan..............................398Chapter 24. Decisions by Default Eric J. Johnson Daniel G. Goldstein................................................................................................417Chapter 25. Choice Architecture Richard H. Thaler Cass R. Sunstein John P. Balz....................................................................................428Chapter 26. Behaviorally Informed Regulation Michael S. Barr Sendhil Mullainathan Eldar Shafir.....................................................................440Chapter 27. Psychology and Economic Policy William J. Congdon........................................................................................................465Chapter 28. Behavioral Decision Science Applied to Health-Care Policy Donald A. Redelmeier...........................................................................475Chapter 29. Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? Debiasing the Policy Makers Themselves Paul Brest.........................................................................481Chapter 30. Paternalism, Manipulation, Freedom, and the Good Judith Lichtenberg......................................................................................494Index.................................................................................................................................................................499

Chapter One

Some fifty years ago in Arkansas, nine black students initiated a social experiment with help from family, friends, and armed National Guards. Their successful attempt to desegregate Little Rock's Central High School following the decision in Brown v. Board of Education is among the most momentous events in America's history, leaving no doubt about its historic importance and the significance of its impact on public policy. Nevertheless, as many have noted, even at the beginning of the twenty-first century, a blatant de facto segregation in living and learning persists and in some circumstances has intensified (e.g., Orfield, 2001). The American experiment in desegregation is a reminder that public policies, however noble in intent, may not realize their aspirations if they do not include an understanding of human nature and culture. In other words, they cannot succeed if they are not founded on relevant scientific evidence, which reveals the nature of the problem, the likely outcomes, and how social transformation can best be imagined. As an example of the importance of basing policy in science, there is the research of Robert Putnam showing the unsavory result that ethnic diversity may actually increase social distrust. As the ethnic diversity by zip code increases, so does mistrust of one's neighbors, even same-ethnicity neighbors (Putnam, 2007). The naive optimism that diversity will succeed in the absence of a clear understanding of the dynamics of social dominance and intergroup...