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Risk-Based Policing: Evidence-Based Crime Prevention with Big Data and Spatial Analytics - Softcover

Kennedy, Leslie W.; Caplan, Joel M.; Piza, Eric L.

 
9780520295636: Risk-Based Policing: Evidence-Based Crime Prevention with Big Data and Spatial Analytics

Inhaltsangabe

Risk-based policing is a research advancement that improves public safety, and its applications prevent crime specifically by managing crime risks. In Risk-Based Policing, the authors analyze case studies from a variety of city agencies including Atlantic City, New Jersey; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Glendale, Arizona; Kansas City, Missouri; Newark, New Jersey; and others. They demonstrate how focusing police resources on risky places and basing police work on smart uses of data can address the worst effects of disorder and crime while improving community relations and public safety. Topics include the role of big data; the evolution of modern policing; dealing with high-risk targets; designing, implementing, and evaluating risk-based policing strategies; and the role of multiple stakeholders in risk-based policing. The book also demonstrates how risk terrain modeling can be extended to provide a comprehensive view of prevention and deterrence.

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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Leslie W. Kennedy is University Professor of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University and Director of the Rutgers Center on Public Security.

Joel M. Caplan is Associate Professor at Rutgers University's School of Criminal Justice and Deputy Director of the Rutgers Center on Public Security. He has professional experience as a police officer, 9-1-1 dispatcher, and emergency medical technician.

Eric L. Piza is Associate Professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Prior to joining academia, he served as the Geographic Information Systems Specialist for the Newark Police Department in New Jersey.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

"Drives research while offering very practical steps towards using risk-based policing as a way of preventing crime." —Edmund McGarrell, Director, Michigan Justice Statistics Center and Professor, Criminal Justice, Michigan State University

Connects a risk-based approach to policing with evidence-based crime prevention techniques. A must-read both for students of place-based criminology and for crime analysts." —Cynthia Lum, author of Evidence-Based Policing

"Progressive police chiefs should add this book to their shelves if they want to understand the value of how risk terrain modeling fits into the evidence-based framework of policing. An effective and efficient approach to reducing and preventing crime." —Renée J. Mitchell, President of the American Society of Evidence-Based Policing

"The most transparent and non-discriminative evidence-based response to question of why crime occurs in a given location. Helps police and other city entities deploy resources in a fiscally responsible way as they choose among holistic approaches to successfully change that 'Why.'" —Major James Nolette, Fayetteville Police Department

"Timely and useful. A must-have for anyone working or interested in risk-based policing." —Martin A. Andresen, Professor, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University

“Full of practical examples, this book is a perfect guide for academics, policy makers, and practitioners interested in deepening or applying this innovative approach.” —Marco Dugato, Senior Researcher at TRANSCRIME and Adjunct Professor at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

"Concise, but providing sufficient depth to grant the reader a full understanding of the potential that risk terrain modeling (RTM) presents, this book is highly recommended! —Christopher M. Sedelmaier, Professor, Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven

"Written in a systematic and readable style, academics and practitioners will find this as the go-to resource for place-based analysis of crime. As the public demands safer streets and social justice, Risk-Based Policing provides the answer." —Kim Lersch, Professor of Criminology, University of South Florida

"Their approach is a welcomed and proven answer to the question of how to best ensure public safety while improving and maintaining fruitful relationships with community members."—Michael J. Jenkins, author of Policing the World

"With risk terrain modeling (RTM), law enforcement now has a where, a what, and an understanding of why. We can cultivate hope for communities living and working in targeted areas by addressing identified geographical locations with a defined purpose and strategy for change."—Kimberly Richards, Senior Crime Analyst, Fayetteville Police Department

Aus dem Klappentext

"Drives research while offering very practical steps towards using risk-based policing as a way of preventing crime." —Edmund McGarrell, Director, Michigan Justice Statistics Center and Professor, Criminal Justice, Michigan State University

Connects a risk-based approach to policing with evidence-based crime prevention techniques. A must-read both for students of place-based criminology and for crime analysts." —Cynthia Lum, author of Evidence-Based Policing

"Progressive police chiefs should add this book to their shelves if they want to understand the value of how risk terrain modeling fits into the evidence-based framework of policing. An effective and efficient approach to reducing and preventing crime." —Renée J. Mitchell, President of the American Society of Evidence-Based Policing

"The most transparent and non-discriminative evidence-based response to question of why crime occurs in a given location. Helps police and other city entities deploy resources in a fiscally responsible way as they choose among holistic approaches to successfully change that 'Why.'" —Major James Nolette, Fayetteville Police Department

"Timely and useful. A must-have for anyone working or interested in risk-based policing." —Martin A. Andresen, Professor, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University

“Full of practical examples, this book is a perfect guide for academics, policy makers, and practitioners interested in deepening or applying this innovative approach.” —Marco Dugato, Senior Researcher at TRANSCRIME and Adjunct Professor at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

"Concise, but providing sufficient depth to grant the reader a full understanding of the potential that risk terrain modeling (RTM) presents, this book is highly recommended! —Christopher M. Sedelmaier, Professor, Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven

"Written in a systematic and readable style, academics and practitioners will find this as the go-to resource for place-based analysis of crime. As the public demands safer streets and social justice, Risk-Based Policing provides the answer." —Kim Lersch, Professor of Criminology, University of South Florida

"Their approach is a welcomed and proven answer to the question of how to best ensure public safety while improving and maintaining fruitful relationships with community members."—Michael J. Jenkins, author of Policing the World

"With risk terrain modeling (RTM), law enforcement now has a where, a what, and an understanding of why. We can cultivate hope for communities living and working in targeted areas by addressing identified geographical locations with a defined purpose and strategy for change."—Kimberly Richards, Senior Crime Analyst, Fayetteville Police Department

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Risk-Based Policing

Evidence-Based Crime Prevention With Big Data And Spatial Analytics

By Leslie W. Kennedy, Joel M. Caplan, Eric L. Piza

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

Copyright © 2018 The Regents of the University of California
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-520-29563-6

Contents

Preface,
Acknowledgments,
PART 1: THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RISK-BASED POLICING,
1. Introduction to Risk and Big Data,
2. The Evolution of Modern Policing,
3. Policing in the New Era of Public Safety and Law Enforcement,
4. Risk-Based Policing and ACTION,
PART 2: METHODS AND CASE STUDIES OF RISK-BASED POLICING,
5. The Theory of Risky Places,
6. High-Risk Target Areas and Priority Places,
7. The Role of Police in Risk-Based Policing: Case Studies of Colorado Springs, Glendale, Newark, and Kansas City,
8. Facilitators and Impediments to Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Risk-Based Policing Strategies: Insights from,
9. The Roles of Multiple Stakeholders in Risk-Based Policing: Case Studies of Jersey City and Atlantic City,
10. People Make Risk-Based Policing and Data Actionable,
Epilogue,
References,
Index,


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO RISK AND BIG DATA


KEY POINTS

• Risk-based policing focuses primarily on places and not people.

• Risk analysis provides evidence-based support for risk narratives about how factors combine to increase the probability of crime occurrence.

• Risk reduction strategies include specific information about where to go and also what to do when you get there.

• Risk-based policing encourages community engagement and multi-stakeholder participation in crime prevention through risk reduction activities.


INTRODUCTION TO RISK-BASED POLICING IN CRIME PREVENTION

In discussing how crime prevention tactics have evolved, Bratton and Kelling (2012) admit that police too often focus on arresting their way out of crime problems. Still, they advocate that there needs to be a strategy for policing that is problem-oriented, properly resourced in terms of personnel, and targeted at the locations that need the most attention. Bratton and Kelling observe, correctly we believe, that police agencies have become very sophisticated in their problem-orientations, even leading other municipal agencies in their ways and means. This trend has been tied to the increased training and openness to higher education of police leadership, coupled with commensurate enabling sources of funding (often federal grants), making them receptive to new ideas and better planning. In this context, there is an openness (among at least some police agencies) to experiment and to expand on their missions. This has happened even when they have been confronting severely challenging expectations brought on by major divestments in urban areas after the global financial collapse of the early twenty-first century and discontent with the effects of policing practices on various community populations and constituents. We frame these problems in this book to propose risk-based policing as an effective and sustainable approach to a new policing frontier and social climate, based on evidence and insights from research, policy, and practice.

Risk-based policing considers more than the mere possibility that crime will occur, which has been a long-standing focus of criminology, crime prevention, and policing studies. Risk-based policing advocates addressing the contextual reasons for crime emergence and persistence at particular places. It does not rely on an actuarial count of the numbers of offenders and victims, or the potential that the one will inevitably prey on the other. It seeks to avoid a simplistic view of crime incident clustering that ignores the factors that repeatedly enable these behaviors at certain locations. It considers more than a focus on individual personal characteristics and looks at places that attract or repel criminal behaviors based on certain qualities. These qualities can be identified, operationalized, and compiled to determine their influence on criminal outcomes. Assessment of spatial influences of environmental conditions is not arbitrary, though. It is set in risk terrain models, where vulnerability to crime is diagnosed and charted based on pattern analysis, past experiences, and comparisons to other similar places. Risk provides the metric to be standardized, scaled to different levels of investigation, and contrasted over place and time.


THE IMPORTANCE OF RISK

Risk is a common metric, calculated by everyone who enters a particular landscape. We develop an understanding of how environments can protect or threaten us through visual cues, reputations, and perceptions that form fears, feelings of safety, or insecurity. Environments exhibit identifiable patterns. People size up what a location looks like and then judge it against their memories and assumptions about the causal links between certain environmental features and the likelihood that these will support criminal activity. Obviously, based on experience or knowledge of an area, these perceptions will vary, and may oftentimes be inaccurate. But even initial perceptions matter. Experiences, knowledge, and perceptions will also be different among various stakeholders depending on the roles that they play in these environments. Police see places they patrol through a different lens of risk than do inhabitants, tourists or passers-through. These risk assessments are important in shaping the expectations that each stakeholder forms in interacting with people at various places across the landscape.

Through advances in technology and better data we have been able to articulate the spatial influences that help form these risk perceptions. We have better evidence about how environments link to human behavior. It is this information that risk-based policing embraces to manage resources to mitigate these risks to prevent crime and enhance public safety. Risk terrain modeling (RTM) is an analytical engine for this problem-solving enterprise. It is embedded in a larger ecosystem in which decisions are made about the best ways to deliver services while reducing risks to police personnel and members of the community being served. With RTM, risk-based policing accounts for the insights that police officers and others who live and work in these communities bring to the table. These stakeholders, when encouraged to think in terms of risk governance, identify what (from their experiences) impacts on the quality of life in communities and leads to conditions that are ripe for crime. Their testimonials form an important set of data for law enforcement to aid risk governance and shape the results of RTM into multilateral plans for action.

Efforts by police agencies to reach out to community leaders and other stakeholders have benefited police by improving their relationships with these groups, particularly as they demand more accountability and transparency. But it is important that the information gleaned from these interactions consists of more than just complaints. Community engagement can be an integral part of the mechanism for police to share the burden of public safety with other stakeholders and to implement risk reduction programs in ways that meet everyone's expectations. When community members realize their role in crime prevention, they become partners to help solve existing crime problems and to identify and address emerging public safety threats. This keeps police officers safer,...

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