There is no better time than now to consider the labor history of the Golden State. While other states face declining union enrollment rates and the rollback of workers' rights, California unions are embracing working immigrants, and voters are protecting core worker rights. What's the difference? California has held an exceptional place in the imagination of Americans and immigrants since the Gold Rush, which saw the first of many waves of working people moving to the state to find work. From Mission to Microchip unearths the hidden stories of these people throughout California's history. The difficult task of the state's labor movement has been to overcome perceived barriers such as race, national origin, and language to unite newcomers and natives in their shared interest. As chronicled in this comprehensive history, workers have creatively used collective bargaining, politics, strikes, and varied organizing strategies to find common ground among California's diverse communities and achieve a measure of economic fairness and social justice. This is an indispensible book for students and scholars of labor history and history of the West, as well as labor activists and organizers.
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Fred B. Glass is Communications Director for the California Federation of Teachers and Instructor of Labor and Community Studies at City College of San Francisco. He is the producer of Golden Lands, Working Hands, a ten-part documentary video series on California labor history.
“No one has ever made California labor history so vivid or so rich with lessons for the present. A landmark book.”—Mike Davis, author of City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles
“Fred Glass puts to rest the myth that unions are a thing of the past, once needed but no longer. These stories from the hidden history of working people’s struggles show that unions today serve the same purpose they always have: protecting and empowering workers in the quest for their fair share of the American Dream.”—Randi Weingarten, President, American Federation of Teachers
“It took work to create California. Fred Glass now chronicles that epic of labor in a masterful narrative that will in short order establish itself as one of the best—and certainly the most up-to-date—histories of the labor movement in California.”—Kevin Starr, Professor, University of Southern California
“From Mission to Microchip is engaging and inspiring. This book includes the often-neglected stories of workers of color, immigrants, and women who have played and who continue to play important roles in our movement. Union members, community activists, students, and all who support worker justice should read this book.”—Kent Wong, Director, Labor Center, University of California, Los Angeles
"The volume embraces more than California’s rich labor organizing history—it examines the nature of work, the forces that manage our work lives, who benefits from labor and how it all shapes our present notions of what work is about."—Bobbi Murray, Capital & Main
"Labor history comes alive in CFT Communications Director Fred Glass’s new book."—United Educators of San Francisco
&;No one has ever made California labor history so vivid or so rich with lessons for the present. A landmark book.&;&;Mike Davis, author of City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles
&;Fred Glass puts to rest the myth that unions are a thing of the past, once needed but no longer. These stories from the hidden history of working people&;s struggles show that unions today serve the same purpose they always have: protecting and empowering workers in the quest for their fair share of the American Dream.&;&;Randi Weingarten, President, American Federation of Teachers
&;It took work to create California. Fred Glass now chronicles that epic of labor in a masterful narrative that will in short order establish itself as one of the best&;and certainly the most up-to-date&;histories of the labor movement in California.&;&;Kevin Starr, Professor, University of Southern California
 
&;From Mission to Microchip is engaging and inspiring. This book includes the often-neglected stories of workers of color, immigrants, and women who have played and who continue to play important roles in our movement. Union members, community activists, students, and all who support worker justice should read this book.&;&;Kent Wong, Director, Labor Center, University of California, Los Angeles
"The volume embraces more than California&;s rich labor organizing history&;it examines the nature of work, the forces that manage our work lives, who benefits from labor and how it all shapes our present notions of what work is about."&;Bobbi Murray, Capital & Main
"Labor history comes alive in CFT Communications Director Fred Glass&;s new book."&;United Educators of San Francisco
List of Illustrations,
Preface: Why California Labor History?,
Acknowledgments,
PART I: BEFORE THE BEGINNING,
1 • Where in California Is Its Labor History?,
2 • On a Mission: How Work Destroyed Native California,
PART II: EARLY DAYS,
3 • Striking Gold,
4 • "All That Is Solid Melts into Air": Gold Rush San Francisco,
5 • Work, Leisure, and the Struggle for the Eight-Hour Day,
6 • Sandlots and Silver Kings: The Workingmen's Party of California,
7 • Building Paradise: The Making of the Los Angeles Working Class,
8 • Newspapers, Railroads, and the Los Angeles Labor Movement,
9 • Land, Machines, and Farm Labor,
10 • The Oxnard Sugar Beet Workers Strike,
PART III: FROM PRIDE OF CRAFT TO INDUSTRIAL UNIONISM,
11 • Building San Francisco,
12 • Organizing San Francisco,
13 • Carmen, Women, and Their Unions,
14 • Otistown: Los Angeles at the Turn of the Century,
15 • Almost Mayor: Bombs, Ballots, and Fusion Politics,
16 • Open Shop: California Workers in the Jazz Age,
PART IV: DIVISIONS IN THE GROWING HOUSE OF LABOR,
17 • Radical Responses to the Great Depression,
18 • The San Francisco General Strike,
19 • The CIO: Civil War and Civil Rights,
20 • Arsenal of Democracy: Integrating Industrial California during World War II,
21 • "We Called It a Work Holiday": The Oakland General Strike,
22 • Hollywood to Bakersfield: Poverty in the Valley of Plenty,
PART V: THE ERA OF BUSINESS UNIONISM,
23 • Cold War Prosperity: Labor Becomes "Middle Class",
24 • Labor and Politics,
25 • "Sí Se Puede": The United Farm Workers,
26 • The Rise of Public Sector Unionism,
27 • Creating the Conditions for Teaching and Learning to Happen,
28 • Feminist Collective Bargaining Meets the Civil Service,
PART VI: REINVENTING CALIFORNIA LABOR,
29 • The Decline of Manufacturing Unionism,
30 • Justice for Janitors: Organizing Immigrant Workers,
31 • Teachers, Nurses, and Firefighters: The Alliance for a Better California,
32 • Labor and the Community: Reclaiming California's Future,
Afterword: A Place in the Sun,
List of Labor Organizations and Acronyms,
Bibliographic Note,
Sources,
Index,
Where in California Is Its Labor History?
IN AN AUDITORIUM in Disney's California Adventure Park, a film titled Golden Dreams screened a dozen times each day in the early 2000s. Hollywood star Whoopi Goldberg played Queen Calafia, a character lifted from a five-hundred-year-old Spanish romance. In that story, Calafia ruled over Amazons on an island west of the Indies named "California." This is the origin of the Golden State's name.
Calafia is our host through reenactments of well-known moments in California history. She shows us the first contact between Spanish conquistadores and the native population; the Gold Rush; building the railroads; the heyday of Hollywood; spread of suburbs and the "good life" of the 1950s; and the psychedelic era of the late 1960s, with hippies dancing in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.
In addition to these standard snapshots in the state's family album, we also view images added in recent years, including the mistreatment of Asian immigrants by the white majority in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the migration of African Americans from the South to work in shipyards during World War II. The film makes an earnest effort to showcase the many ethnic strands of California history.
And yet something important is missing from Golden Dreams. Chinese laborers hang over cliffs in baskets in the Sierra Nevada to blast a passage through the rock for the Central Pacific Railroad. But we don't see railroad workers striking for pay equal to that of white workers, as thousands did in the spring of 1868. Black shipyard workers suffer discrimination. But we don't catch them demonstrating to gain full membership in the segregated union that controlled hiring, as occurred later.
What the film lacks is a sense of collective struggle by working people on their own behalf, without which most workers would have made little progress toward their goal — the California variation of the American Dream.
True, we catch a glimpse of an actor playing Cesar Chavez calling Mexican American farm laborers out of the fields. Yet, when the workers respond to Chavez's entreaty, as they did so many times in the 1960s and 1970s, Golden Dreams fails to reveal that he is asking them to join a union, the United Farm Workers, the only farmworkers union that ever lasted more than a few years, which was Chavez's singular historical achievement.
It isn't as if the filmmakers didn't have any labor history in California to draw on. The state is home to more than two thousand union locals, ranging in size from a handful of workers to tens of thousands. At the peak of unionization in the 1950s, more than 40 percent of the nonfarm workforce belonged to unions. To a great degree, it was the successful struggles of unions, organized through the volunteer activism of their members in the mid-twentieth century, that lifted the working-class majority up into the middle class of home ownership and disposable income, in California as in the rest of the nation. Today, when the rate of union membership has fallen to its lowest point in nearly a century, over two million Californians still carry union cards.
But California labor history doesn't begin and end with union membership. Forming and maintaining unions is one part of a broader story, repeated countless times — in the coastal seaports, the Central Valley farms, the southern oilfields, and the Sierra foothills, in financial high rises and bungalow classrooms — of workers' journeys from isolation and powerlessness to community, strength, and hope. Their toolbox contains unions, to be sure, but also lawsuits, legislation, election campaigns, community murals, songs, demonstrations, and a mountain of dedication by ordinary people to shared ideas of fairness and social justice.
If Disney's filmmakers had considered California history from the point of view of working people, perhaps its narrator would have been Anna Smith, the widow of a disabled Civil War veteran and a single mother, who migrated to the state in 1875. She spoke at demonstrations called by the Workingmen's Party of California in the late 1870s, and led several hundred workers — who had elected her their "general" — on a march intending to join the protest by Coxey's Army in Washington, D.C. against the horrendous economic depression of the early 1890s.
With the benefit of Smith's perspective, maybe the film would have presented events that not only had an impact on California workers' lives but also involved workers organizing themselves to make history. We might have seen a reenactment of the 1934 San Francisco General Strike, where a struggle by dockworkers and sailors against terrible wages and unfair and oppressive hiring practices escalated due to violent employer resistance. Hundreds of...
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