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An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods from Alexander the Great down to the Reign of Constantine (323 B.C.-A.D. 337)

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS

Contents

List of Tables......................................................................................xviiList of Figures.....................................................................................xixIntroduction........................................................................................1Part 1. General Matters1 Editorial Sigla...................................................................................272 Paleography, Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numerals.............................................403 Inscriptions as Archaeological Artifacts..........................................................654 The Onomastics and Prosopography of Greek Names...................................................745 The Onomastics and Prosopography of Roman Names in Greek Inscriptions.............................112Part 2. The Nature of Greek Inscriptions7 The Classification of Greek Inscriptions..........................................................1818 Decrees...........................................................................................2159 Honorific Decrees, Proxeny Decrees, and Honorific Inscriptions....................................22810 Dedications and Ex-votos.........................................................................24611 Funerary Inscriptions............................................................................26012 Manumission Inscriptions.........................................................................289Part 3. Selected Topics13 Magistrates, Other Functionaries, and the Government of the Hellenistic City.....................30314 Roman Administration and Functionaries...........................................................32615 Orthography......................................................................................34616 Epigrams.........................................................................................35817 Currency and Its Commodity Value.................................................................369Appendix: Electronic Tools for Research in Greek Epigraphy..........................................383Abbreviations of Epigraphical and RelatedClassical Publications..............................................................................387Index of Greek Terms................................................................................473Index of Greek Personal Names.......................................................................489Index of Latin Terms................................................................................497Index of Roman Personal Names.......................................................................501General Index.......................................................................................505

Chapter One

Most inscriptions that have survived the ravages of time are damaged, either through accidental breakage, deliberate vandalism, physical wear (in the case of inscriptions reused as paving blocks or doorsills), or exposure to the physical elements, or because they have been broken in the course of being refashioned for reuse as construction materials. Accordingly, the first task of the editor is to estimate the extent of loss and damage and to provide an accurate representation of what has been preserved in an inscription.

It is also the editor's responsibility to introduce word divisions, punctuation, and accentuation. Though accents were never engraved, these should be furnished in minuscule transcriptions according to the classical form, to assist the reader in understanding the forms; for example, according to classical orthography, it is permissible to place a circumflex on an omicron taking the place of an omega or, conversely, to treat an omega as if it were an omicron (e.g., [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]).

According to Henri Grgoire, accentuation constitutes a minimum of interpretation: "these accents provide exactly the same service as the masoretic pointing did in the corrupt text of the Hebrew Bible.... They immediately evoke the familiar character of words disfigured by itacism or by the permutation of consonants." Moreover, in texts that do not employ an iota adscript (see 15.02), an iota subscript should be added according to the classical form. This may involve putting an iota subscript under a short vowel taking the place of a long vowel (e.g., [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] for [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]).

In 1931, under the auspices of the Union Acadmique Internationale, a conference was held in Leiden in an attempt to secure uniformity of usage in the editing of ancient texts. On this occasion, the editing convention known as "das leydener Klammer System" (the Leiden system) was devised. It has since been widely (but not universally) adopted for the editing of both epigraphical and papyrological texts.

Though the current editorial practice among epigraphists is diverse and no universal set of conventions has yet been adopted, the Leiden system (or some variation thereof) is the most commonly employed system. In the words of Sterling Dow, the purpose of this system is to provide a means "to set forth in print, by use of regular, understood, agreed-upon conventions, which shall be as simple and clear as possible ... a clear and correct representation of original text."

This system introduced some significant changes to the existing editorial sigla. The most dramatic change concerns the use of angular brackets (< >). Prior to 1931, angular brackets meant dele, that is, the excision of letters deemed to be superfluous by the editor; according to the Leiden system, dele is signified by brace brackets, ({ }) (see 1.06). In works after 1932, angular brackets usually mean adde (i.e., the insertion or substitution of letters; see 1.05). In the previous convention, adde was signified by parentheses, or ( ). Whenever there is any doubt as to usage, the editor's commentary should correct any ambiguity.

1.01 The Numbering of Lines and the Vertical Bar (|)

Printings of inscriptions often preserve the individual arrangement of lines, an essential in the case of an editio princeps. In later editions of a published inscription, individual lines are frequently printed continuously, with one line following immediately on the previous line to save space on the printed page. When printed in this fashion, it is necessary to indicate where one line ends and another begins with the use of a single vertical bar (|) to separate individual lines, except where the line number is a multiple of five (i.e., lines 5, 10, 15, etc.), in which case a pair of vertical bars (||) is used. Though it is customary to number every fifth line of the printed epigraphical text, this practice is not universal; some collections number every third or fourth line instead.

The numbering of lines is especially difficult when an inscription is fragmentary or badly mutilated and consequently the exact number of missing lines is not known or when there is uncertainty about whether lines are indeed missing at all. According to the old system, only those lines that were legible were numbered. In the Leiden system, line numbers can also be used as a convenience to refer to an area of the stone in which letters...