Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

JAMES S. ALBUS is Senior Fellow at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland.

ALEXANDER M. MEYSTEL is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Drexel University and a guest researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

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Presenting a Reference Model Architecture for the Design of Intelligent Systems

Engineering of Mind presents the foundations for a computational theory of intelligence. It discusses the main streams of investigation that will eventually converge in a scientific theory of mind and proposes an avenue of research that might best lead to the development of truly intelligent systems.

This book presents a model of the brain as a hierarchy of massive parallel computational modules and data structures interconnected by information pathways. Using this as the basic model on which intelligent systems should be based, the authors propose a reference model architecture that accommodates concepts from artificial intelligence, control theory, image understanding, signal processing, and decision theory. Algorithms, procedures, and data embedded within this architecture would enable the analysis of situations, the formulation of plans, the choice of behaviors, and the computation of uncertainties. The computational power to implement the model can be achieved in practical systems in the foreseeable future through hierarchical and parallel distribution of computational tasks.

The authors' reference model architecture is expressed in terms of the Real-time Control System (RCS) that has been developed primarily at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Suitable for engineers, computer scientists, researchers, and students, Engineering of Mind blends current theory and practice to achieve a coherent model for the design of intelligent systems.

Aus dem Klappentext

Presenting a Reference Model Architecture for the Design of Intelligent Systems

Engineering of Mind presents the foundations for a computational theory of intelligence. It discusses the main streams of investigation that will eventually converge in a scientific theory of mind and proposes an avenue of research that might best lead to the development of truly intelligent systems.

This book presents a model of the brain as a hierarchy of massive parallel computational modules and data structures interconnected by information pathways. Using this as the basic model on which intelligent systems should be based, the authors propose a reference model architecture that accommodates concepts from artificial intelligence, control theory, image understanding, signal processing, and decision theory. Algorithms, procedures, and data embedded within this architecture would enable the analysis of situations, the formulation of plans, the choice of behaviors, and the computation of uncertainties. The computational power to implement the model can be achieved in practical systems in the foreseeable future through hierarchical and parallel distribution of computational tasks.

The authors' reference model architecture is expressed in terms of the Real-time Control System (RCS) that has been developed primarily at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Suitable for engineers, computer scientists, researchers, and students, Engineering of Mind blends current theory and practice to achieve a coherent model for the design of intelligent systems.

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Engineering of Mind

John Wiley & Sons

Contents

Preface.............................................................................xi1 Emergence of a Theory............................................................1What Is Intelligence?...............................................................6Goals and Success...................................................................7The Origin and Function of Intelligence.............................................8Learning, Evolution, and Instinct...................................................10Communication and Language..........................................................12A Computational Theory..............................................................15An Engineering Approach.............................................................172 Knowledge........................................................................21Epistemology........................................................................25Where Does Knowledge Come From?.....................................................29Representation in the Brain.........................................................31Representation of the Real World....................................................49Representation in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics..............................513 Perception.......................................................................57Sensors.............................................................................62The Goal of Perception..............................................................70Entities............................................................................72Entities and Attributes.............................................................74Reasoning Within a Rich World Model.................................................77Attention...........................................................................79What Is Important?..................................................................814 Goal Seeking and Planning........................................................83A Shopping Center Scenario..........................................................86Control Theory......................................................................92Feedforward Control.................................................................97Planning............................................................................101The Difficulties of Search..........................................................106Hierarchical Multiresolutional Planning.............................................109Planning Research...................................................................111Emotional Basis of Behavior.........................................................112Motives.............................................................................118Consciousness and Emotion...........................................................1195 A Reference Model Architecture...................................................123Background..........................................................................128The RCS Reference Model Architecture................................................135Managing the Complexity of an Intelligent System....................................150In Defense of Hierarchies...........................................................1596 Behavior Generation..............................................................163Organizational Units versus Agents..................................................169Task Commands.......................................................................171Task Knowledge......................................................................173Task Decomposition..................................................................175Plans and Planning..................................................................176Commands and Plans..................................................................182Plan Execution......................................................................185Emergency Actions...................................................................187Timing..............................................................................188Summary and Conclusions.............................................................1937 World Modeling, Value Judgment, and Knowledge Representation.....................195Value Judgment......................................................................198Knowledge Database..................................................................200Attribute-Value Pairs...............................................................201Images..............................................................................204The Egosphere.......................................................................206Maps................................................................................212Attribute, Entity, Class, and Value Images..........................................216Entity Frame Representation.........................................................218Images and Frames...................................................................221Geometric Entities..................................................................222Generic Entity Classes..............................................................226Specific Entity Classes.............................................................228Events..............................................................................228Situations and Experiences..........................................................232Temporal Persistence of Representation..............................................233Knowledge of Rules..................................................................236Simulation and Imagination..........................................................238Summary and Conclusions.............................................................2398 Sensory Processing...............................................................243Five Processing Functions...........................................................245Functional Modules and Data Flow....................................................258Recursive Estimation................................................................263Initialization......................................................................267Hierarchy of Perception.............................................................269Example of a SP Hierarchy...........................................................271The Complexity of Perception........................................................290Summary and Conclusions.............................................................2929 Engineering Unmanned Ground Vehicles.............................................2954-D/RCS.............................................................................297Scout Platoon Example...............................................................301Command Vocabularies................................................................307Demo III Control Hierarchy..........................................................310Example Data Structures.............................................................316Multilevel Planning.................................................................318Two Kinds of Plans..................................................................322Example...