How do firms like Hewlett-Packard, DuPont, Dow Chemical, IBM, and Texas Instruments routinely convert the ideas of their employees into profits that sustain the corporation?
How can buyers and sellers calculate the assets of the acquired firm in a merger or acquisition?
How can an organization affect the firm's stock price using the leverage of intellectual assets?
Identifying a firm's assets, especially its intellectual assets-the proprietary knowledge expressed as a recipe, formula, trade secret, invention, program, or process-has become critical to a company's overall vision and strategic plan and essential in such transactions as stock offerings or mergers. In the era of the knowledge-based company, where the firm's genius and future lies in its ideas, a firm's collective know-how has become a measurable commodity-and as much a part of its bottom line as the condition of its cash investments, plant, and equipment. Extracting and measuring the real value of knowledge is essential for any corporate head who knows how high the stakes have become for corporate survival in the information age-where the innovative idea is as good as, if not better than, gold! Value-Driven Intellectual Capital is a corporate and financial executives' handbook to the new world of intangible assets-what they are and how to convert them into cash or strategic position. Written by one of the seminal thinkers in the field, and the key organizer of the ICM Gathering, a group of leading-edge knowledge-based companies, Value-Driven Intellectual Capital explains the new, boundary-expanding world of intellectual assets-where translating an innovative idea into bottom-line profits involves a tightly focused strategy with clear directives for making it happen. A blueprint for turning corporate knowledge, know-how, and intellectual property into a sustainable competitive weapon that will build a firm's reputation and market share, this practical, insightful book outlines:
* Basic concepts underlying IC (intellectual capital) and corporate value creation
* The linkage between IC, business strategy, and profits
* The different kinds of value-including qualitative and quantitative -firms realize from their IC
* Activities required to produce the value firms desire from their IC
* Methods for calculating the dollar value of companies-for market capitalization and mergers or acquisitions
* An economic model of an IC company
The book's appendix is a valuable distillation for corporate and financial executives, managers, researchers, and analysts of IC's basic working concepts and definitions, including the principles underlying value creation and value extraction, the concepts and strategies used by successful companies, the sources of value for knowledge companies, and the mechanisms used to convert that value into real profits. And since it is managerial talent that turns intellectual property into business assets, the book provides an arsenal of key concepts, methods, and processes for aligning with and using intellectual property as an active element of a firm's business strategies. It concludes with a discussion of how value is extracted from human capital, focusing on its elusive magnetic core: creativity and productivity. In an era in which firms are increasingly accountable to shareholders and success is judged solely by stock price, knowing how to measure and extract the value of a firm's intellectual assets has become one of the most critical and essential skills needed by CEOs today. Reflecting the most innovative thinking from some of the most sophisticated firms in the world, Sullivan's Value-Driven Intellectual Capital is a manifesto, a clarion call to excellence for any corporate or financial executive, merger and acquisition partner or investor who understands how much future corporate survival and success depends on the simple enduring genius of a good idea and the need to convert those ideas into corporate value.
Visit our Web site at: www.wiley.com/
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PATRICK H. SULLIVAN (psullivan@icmgroup.com) is an expert at creating profits from intellectual assets and is considered one of the leading conceptual thinkers in extracting value from intellectual capital. He is a founding partner of the ICM Group, a Palo Alto, California-based consulting company focused on managing intellectual capital to maximize value. He is also cofounder of the ICM Gathering, composed of managers of intellectual capital for large, diverse international companies who meet to exchange information on new and innovative management techniques.
He is a frequent speaker on a range of topics concerning the management of intellectual capital including stock value, licensing, and developing profits from IC. He is a member of the Licensing Executives Society (where he was the founding chairman of its Intellectual Capital Management Committee), the World Intellectual Property Trade Forum, and the American Bar Association Intellectual Property Licensing Section, and a fellow of the American Council on Education. He is a frequent contributor of articles on intellectual capital management for leading journals, the author of Profiting from Intellectual Capital, and the coauthor of Technology Licensing: Corporate Strategies for Maximizing Value, both published by Wiley.
How do firms like Hewlett-Packard, DuPont, Dow Chemical, IBM, and Texas Instruments routinely convert the ideas of their employees into profits that sustain the corporation?
How can buyers and sellers calculate the assets of the acquired firm in a merger or acquisition?
How can an organization affect the firm's stock price using the leverage of intellectual assets?
Identifying a firm's assets, especially its intellectual assets-the proprietary knowledge expressed as a recipe, formula, trade secret, invention, program, or process-has become critical to a company's overall vision and strategic plan and essential in such transactions as stock offerings or mergers. In the era of the knowledge-based company, where the firm's genius and future lies in its ideas, a firm's collective know-how has become a measurable commodity-and as much a part of its bottom line as the condition of its cash investments, plant, and equipment. Extracting and measuring the real value of knowledge is essential for any corporate head who knows how high the stakes have become for corporate survival in the information age-where the innovative idea is as good as, if not better than, gold! Value-Driven Intellectual Capital is a corporate and financial executives' handbook to the new world of intangible assets-what they are and how to convert them into cash or strategic position. Written by one of the seminal thinkers in the field, and the key organizer of the ICM Gathering, a group of leading-edge knowledge-based companies, Value-Driven Intellectual Capital explains the new, boundary-expanding world of intellectual assets-where translating an innovative idea into bottom-line profits involves a tightly focused strategy with clear directives for making it happen. A blueprint for turning corporate knowledge, know-how, and intellectual property into a sustainable competitive weapon that will build a firm's reputation and market share, this practical, insightful book outlines:
* Basic concepts underlying IC (intellectual capital) and corporate value creation
* The linkage between IC, business strategy, and profits
* The different kinds of value-including qualitative and quantitative -firms realize from their IC
* Activities required to produce the value firms desire from their IC
* Methods for calculating the dollar value of companies-for market capitalization and mergers or acquisitions
* An economic model of an IC company
The book's appendix is a valuable distillation for corporate and financial executives, managers, researchers, and analysts of IC's basic working concepts and definitions, including the principles underlying value creation and value extraction, the concepts and strategies used by successful companies, the sources of value for knowledge companies, and the mechanisms used to convert that value into real profits. And since it is managerial talent that turns intellectual property into business assets, the book provides an arsenal of key concepts, methods, and processes for aligning with and using intellectual property as an active element of a firm's business strategies. It concludes with a discussion of how value is extracted from human capital, focusing on its elusive magnetic core: creativity and productivity. In an era in which firms are increasingly accountable to shareholders and success is judged solely by stock price, knowing how to measure and extract the value of a firm's intellectual assets has become one of the most critical and essential skills needed by CEOs today. Reflecting the most innovative thinking from some of the most sophisticated firms in the world, Sullivan's Value-Driven Intellectual Capital is a manifesto, a clarion call to excellence for any corporate or financial executive, merger and acquisition partner or investor who understands how much future corporate survival and success depends on the simple enduring genius of a good idea and the need to convert those ideas into corporate value.
Visit our Web site at: www.wiley.com/
How do firms like Hewlett-Packard, Du Pont, Dow Chemical, IBM, and Texas Instruments routinely convert the ideas of their employees into profits that sustain the corporation? How can buyers and sellers calculate the assets of the acquired firm in a merger or acquisition? How can an organization affect the firm's stock price using the leverage of intellectual assets? Identifying a firm's assets, especially its intellectual assets-the proprietary knowledge expressed as a recipe, formula, trade secret, invention, program, or process-has become critical to a company's overall vision and strategic plan and essential in such transactions as stock offerings or mergers. In the era of the knowledge-based company, where the firm's genius and future lies in its ideas, a firm's collective know-how has become a measurable commodity-and as much a part of its bottom line as the condition of its cash investments, plant, and equipment. Extracting and measuring the real value of knowledge is essential for any corporate head who knows how high the stakes have become for corporate survival in the information age-where the innovative idea is as good as, if not better than, gold! Value-Driven Intellectual Capital is a corporate and financial executives' handbook to the new world of intangible assets-what they are and how to convert them into cash or strategic position. Written by one of the seminal thinkers in the field, and the key organizer of the ICM Gathering, a group of leading-edge knowledge-based companies, Value-Driven Intellectual Capital explains the new, boundary-expanding world of intellectual assets-where translating an innovative idea into bottom-line profits involves a tightly focused strategy with clear directives for making it happen. A blueprint for turning corporate knowledge, know-how, and intellectual property into a sustainable competitive weapon that will build a firm's reputation and market share, this practical, insightful book outlines:Basic concepts underlying IC (intellectual capital) and corporate value creation
* The linkage between IC, business strategy, and profits
* The different kinds of value-including qualitative and quantitative-firms realize from their IC
* Activities required to produce the value firms desire from their IC
* Methods for calculating the dollar value of companies-for market capitalization and mergers or acquisitions
* An economic model of an IC company
The book's appendix is a valuable distillation for corporate and financial executives, managers, researchers, and analysts of IC's basic working concepts and definitions, including the principles underlying value creation and value extraction, the concepts and strategies used by successful companies, the sources of value for knowledge companies, and the mechanisms used to convert that value into real profits. And since it is managerial talent that turns intellectual property into business assets, the book provides an arsenal of key concepts, methods, and processes for aligning with and using intellectual property as an active element of a firm's business strategies. It concludes with a discussion of how value is extracted from human capital, focusing on its elusive magnetic core: creativity and productivity. In an era in which firms are increasingly accountable to shareholders and success is judged solely by stock price, knowing how to measure and extract the value of a firm's intellectual assets has become one of the most critical and essential skills needed by CEOs today. Reflecting the most innovative thinking from some of the most sophisticated firms in the world, Sullivan's Value-Driven Intellectual Capital is a manifesto, a clarion call to excellence for any corporate or financial executive, merger and acquisition partner or investor who understands how much future corporate survival and success depends on the simple enduring genius of a good idea and the need to convert those ideas into corporate value.
Introduction
Intellectual capital exploded onto the business scene in the1990s. When Fortune magazine published Tom Stewart'sarticle "Brainpower," in 1991, it was the first article on thetopic to appear in a national business magazine. By 1998, anumber of books and dozens of articles in professional journalsand trade magazines were devoted to the topic, to say nothingof significant coverage in the popular business magazines suchas Fortune and Forbes. In 1999 alone, over a dozen conferenceswere held around the world on intellectual capital managementin one form or another.
In 1999, CEO Magazine and Arthur Andersen hosted aroundtable luncheon for chief executive officers (CEOs) interestedin discussing intellectual capital (IC) and its impact onthe firm as we know it. The luncheon drew 17 CEOs representingboth manufacturing and service industry companies. Allwere intrigued by the potential hidden value that the intellectualcapital perspective suggests lies untapped within their businesses,but none knew what kinds of value they could obtainfrom their company's intangible assets or how they might goabout it. They just knew that there was hidden value in theircompanies and that it was somehow wrapped up in the thoughts,skills, innovations, and abilities of their employees. Theywanted to learn more about this value: how to harness it, directit, and extract value from it.
This book is written for those CEOs and for anyone else whowants to know how to extract the hidden value that resideswithin the firm's intellectual capital. As of this writing dozensof firms actively engage in extracting value from their IC. Thepeople directing the activities for these firms have formed acommunity (called the ICM Gathering) to share their ideas andsuccess stories. With the exception of a very few proprietarybits of information that could be useful to competitors, thesefirms are willing to share their knowledge, and this book drawsheavily on their experiences. The purpose of this book is tohelp businesses profit from one of their most important assets,their intellectual capital.
WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL?
The idea of capital as a euphemism for a strategic businessasset is not new. Economists frequently describe the basicresources necessary for an industrial enterprise in terms of thethree classic kinds of assets: land, labor, and capital (here capitalrefers to financial and other economic assets). But the ideaof intellectual capital is a new one; it brings to the foregroundthe brainpower assets of the organization, recognizing them ashaving a degree of importance comparable to the traditionalland, labor, and tangible assets.
If a survey were conducted, there would be agreement thatmany modern companies are filled with intellectual capital: lawfirms, consulting firms, software companies, computer companiesto name but a few. But if the survey went on to ask peopleto define what intellectual capital is, there would be a widerange of answers. These answers would not converge ontoone simple definition of intellectual capital, but rather on many.The range of views and the number of terms used to describeand define intellectual capital are broad, without a clear focus,and often confusing. Some of the same terms appear in many ofthe definitions yet seem to have different meanings in each.For example, the following list of "capitals" is frequently, anddifferently, used in descriptions or definitions of intellectualcapital: human capital, customer capital, stakeholder capital, culturalcapital, relationship capital, organizational capital, structuralcapital, process capital, and economic capital.
In contrast to the list of confusing and ever-changing types ofcapital, there is substantial agreement on the activities and elementsthat constitute the capital of interest here: intellectualcapital. Picture the elements of IC as balloons in a pile. Theymight look like Exhibit 1.1. If the balloons were piled on thefloor of a room, each observer in a different part of the roomwould have a different perspective on intellectual capital.Someone interested in knowledge or knowledge managementwould see one face of the pile. From another perspective, theelements of intellectual capital would present a different face.
The diversity of opinion on just exactly what intellectualcapital is results from the wide range of interests and perspectiveson the subject. Each definition is consistent with theperspective and interests of its users and understandably oftenneglects or ignores the interests or perspectives of others. Theusers of intellectual capital tend to fall into several groups aslisted below, each with strongly held and sometimes vehementlydefended points of view.
• Knowledge and learning. People with these interests tendto see human capital and the tacit components of intellectualcapital in the foreground. They are concerned primarilywith the creation of new or more knowledge andmethods and environments in which creative processescan be most productive.
• Knowledge management. This term is often used as a synonymfor computer-based information systems. Peoplewith this area of interest concern themselves with the identificationof data or information, where it resides, where itneeds to be, and how to get it from point A to point B inthe most efficient manner.
• Innovation management. This term is sometimes used todescribe the management of research and development(R&D). People with this interest focus on how to improvethe efficiency and effectiveness with which ideas are generatedand screened to identify those of greatest interest orvalue to the organization.
• Capital markets. People with an interest in capital marketssee intellectual capital as a business asset and are concernedwith the amount of a firm's intellectual capital,how it is valued, how its value affects the company balancesheet, and how to provide value information to currentand potential stockholders.
• Shareholders. People in this group have a financial interestin a business enterprise. They see the firm's intellectualcapital as a business asset and are interested in boththe amount and the use of a firm's intellectual capital.Their interest usually centers on how the intellectual capitalcan be focused and leveraged to improve profitabilityor strategic positioning.
• Company managers. These are the people who managethe firm's intellectual capital. They, too, see it as a businessasset, but their focus is on how to manage it in orderto increase both its amount and, more important, its abilityto increase cash flow. Company managers involvedwith intellectual capital are most often focused on creatingthe firm's future cash flow, economic profit, and sustainablecompetitive advantage.
Exhibit 1.2 illustrates how the view of IC from different perspectivesresults in different elements appearing in the foregroundand background of each view.
HOW DOES IC BRING VALUE TO A FIRM?
Once a firm understands that it has intellectual capital, howdoes it convert it into something of value? The answer is that itdepends! For example, to a company's chief financial officersomething is valuable to the extent that it has a positive effecton the firm's financial statement. CFOs tend to ask how...
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