Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Lars Berlemann and Stefan Mangold both contribute to research programs, standardization and industry innovations in the field of dynamic spectrum access, cognitive radio, and IEEE 802 standards. Together they have filed numerous journal and magazine articles, patents, and contributions to research conferences and workshops. They both consult government organizations such as the European Commission in steering related research programs.

Lars Berlemann and Stefan Mangold have been delivering tutorials on cognitive radio at various research conferences such as IEEE PIMRC and the European Wireless Conference. As alumni from RWTH Aachen University, Germany, Lars Berlemann and Stefan Mangold graduated at the Chair of Communication Networks, ComNets, with Professor Bernhard H. Walke as PhD advisor. Their PhD theses (both awarded summa cum laude) are today considered to be important early research contributions to the field and are in the highest ranks in the number of downloads from the University’s download servers. Together with Professor Walke, Drs Berlemann and Mangold coedited the Wiley book IEEE 802 Wireless Systems: Protocols, Multi-Hop Mesh/Relaying, Performance and Spectrum Coexistence which was published in November 2006.

Lars Berlemann is product manager in the product and innovation department of Deutsche Telekom, Germany. Stefan Mangold is manager at Swisscom, Switzerland, leading the access team of the product IT development group of Swisscom Network & IT. They both work for companies that operate mobile, fixed, and broadcast networks, and in addition provide services with excellent customer focus. Consequently, Drs Berlemann and Mangold understand and exploit the synergies between academic research focusing on excellence, and industry innovations focusing on commercial exploitation.

Lars Berlemann and Stefan Mangold share and disseminate what they learn. In parallel with their employment, they enjoy working with students. Lars Berlemann is guest lecturer at the Chair of Communication Networks, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany. Stefan Mangold is with ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Computer Science, where he works as lecturer and visiting scientist. In addition to his scientific engineering background, Lars Berlemann holds a diploma in Business and Economics from RWTH Aachen. The comments and statements made in this book are from the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of their employers.

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Cognitive Radio for Dynamic Spectrum Access gives a comprehensive overview of the main concepts behind radio spectrum regulation, dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio. Spectrum measurements are introduced to illustrate the inefficiencies in today’s spectrum usage and the book also discusses enablers for horizontal and vertical spectrum sharing. Among others a game-theory-based approach for spectrum sharing is described and evaluated. Institution and standardisation approaches in academic research and industry are highlighted including IEEE SCC41, 802.11k/n/s/y and 802.22 which lead towards commercial exploitation of cognitive radio. In conclusion, this book looks at the initial steps towards the vision of true cognitive radio and the potential impact on telecommunication business.

* Introduces the benefits and challenges of cognitive radio

* Presents cognitive radio in research and industry and covers implications for operators from the perspective of a telecom operator

* Examines how cognitive radio techniques will considerably change the wireless communication market.

Aus dem Klappentext

Cognitive Radio for Dynamic Spectrum Access gives a comprehensive overview of the main concepts behind radio spectrum regulation, dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio. Spectrum measurements are introduced to illustrate the inefficiencies in today’s spectrum usage and the book also discusses enablers for horizontal and vertical spectrum sharing. Among others a game-theory-based approach for spectrum sharing is described and evaluated. Institution and standardisation approaches in academic research and industry are highlighted including IEEE SCC41, 802.11k/n/s/y and 802.22 which lead towards commercial exploitation of cognitive radio. In conclusion, this book looks at the initial steps towards the vision of true cognitive radio and the potential impact on telecommunication business.

* Introduces the benefits and challenges of cognitive radio

* Presents cognitive radio in research and industry and covers implications for operators from the perspective of a telecom operator

* Examines how cognitive radio techniques will considerably change the wireless communication market.

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Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access

John Wiley & Sons

Chapter One

Exciting new feature-rich, interactive, and high bit-rate multimedia services of Third Generation (3G) cellular radio systems have been promised in the past. Benefits for subscribers and increased revenues for service providers and network operators have been expected. However, the wireless research community has perceived the limitations of the existing systems in terms of user throughput and cost of operation. Consequently, research and development efforts have been initiated towards Next Generation (NG) systems that are also referred to as Beyond Third Generation (B3G) or Fourth Generation (4G) radio systems. Such future systems are expected to allow subscribers transparently to access broadband multimedia services via multiple wireless and fixed-line access networks as if they were connected via broadband modems to the Internet.

The increasing demands for wireless communication in consumer electronics applications, and personal high-data-rate networks indicate a promising commercial potential. Throughput, reliability, service quality, and the ever-present availability of wireless services are more and more demanded. The number of devices based on multiple wireless standards and technologies will therefore substantially grow in the future - exciting progress but new problems will be created with these increasingly widespread wireless communications. These problems are the limited availability of radio spectrum and the difficult spectrum coexistence of dissimilar radio systems in a shared spectrum. Until today, such problems could be neglected to a great extent because network operators have usually enjoyed the privilege of exclusive access to their parts of the radio spectrum. We are, however, now at a stage where the identified problems have to be addressed to enable further growth of these promising markets and to found a substantial basis for our future information society.

1.1 Access to Radio Spectrum

Today, access to radio spectrum is difficult as it is restricted by a radio regulatory regime that emerged over the last one hundred years. Large parts of the radio spectrum are allocated to licensed radio services in a way that is referred to as command-and-control. Open access to most of the radio spectrum is only permitted with very low transmission powers, in a so-called underlay sharing approach such as that used, for example, used by Ultra Wideband (UWB). The overlay sharing approach, i.e. the free access to an open spectrum, is generally not permitted.

Only some small fractions of the radio spectrum, the unlicensed frequency bands, are more or less openly available. The fraction of a radio spectrum declared as unlicensed is very small, and new unlicensed spectrum will not be available soon, as regulatory changes from licensed to unlicensed spectrum are difficult and take a long time. Changing the status of a licensed radio spectrum can be perilous and painfully slow. It takes a concerted effort between government regulatory agencies, technology developers, and service providers to achieve efficient and timely deployment.

Unlicensed spectrum is a small fraction of the entire radio spectrum. Excitingly, over the past decades, this approach has led, nevertheless, to a wide variety of new wireless standards, technologies, and services, among them the popular IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth for IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). The demonstrated commercial success of wireless applications operating in unlicensed spectrum, and the many radio systems utilizing this fraction of the radio spectrum, indicate that it may be helpful to change the existing radio regulatory regime towards a more flexible, open spectrum access.

The limitation and delays in spectrum access form the restricting bottleneck that slows down the development of new radio services. These radio services can substantially improve health, safety, work environment, education of people, and quality of leisure time. The expected growth of the number of radio devices based on multiple wireless standards and technologies may be delayed with the existing limitations.

1.2 Artificial Spectrum Scarcity from Unexploited Frequencies

The radio spectrum is a finite resource. With the term 'radio spectrum', electromagnetic frequencies between 3 kHz and 300 GHz are referred to. Figure 1.1 illustrates the range of frequencies that are commonly regarded as radio spectrum. Most of today's radio communications systems require rigorous protection against interference from other radio systems. Nowadays, such protection from interference is guaranteed in licensing radio spectrum for exclusive usage. Most of the radio spectrum is therefore licensed to traditional communications systems and services as indicated in Figure 1.2. However, with such an approach, spectrum resources are sometimes wasted for various reasons.

Firstly, any economic failure of licensed radio services and systems may lead to unused spectrum. For example, at the time of writing, WiMAX appears to be commercially unsuccessful. WiMAX spectrum has been allocated and licensed in many countries, but appears not to be utilized at all by nationwide network operators. WiMAX spectrum is hence considered wasted for the time being.

Secondly, public safety and military radio systems require spectrum for occasional operation, which leads to an additional amount of often unused spectrum.

Thirdly, technological progress in communications results in the improvement of the spectrum1 efficiency of existing licensed communications systems like, for example, the digitalization of television (TV) broadcasting, so that less spectrum is required to provide the same service.

As a result of all these observable trends, large parts of the spectrum are currently used inefficiently. Consequently, the traditional regulation of spectrum requires a fundamental rethinking in order to avoid waste of spectrum and, hopefully, to increase public welfare. The existing radio regulatory regime is, however, too complex to handle the increasingly dynamic nature of emerging wireless applications. This is one of the reasons why, paradoxically, 90 ... 95 % of the licensed radio spectrum is not in use at any location at any given time. As a result, we waste precious spectrum. What is often called 'spectrum scarcity' and 'limited radio resources' is really an artificial result of the way spectrum is regulated.

Even more problematic, the demand for additional spectrum is growing faster than the technology is able to increase spectrum efficiency, although latest research illustrated tremendous success in increasing spectrum efficiency and capacity in radio communications. As consequence, costs increase due to higher complexity for squeezing maximum data rates out of few spectrum. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) are just two examples of the recent advances in communication technology.

1.3 Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access as Solution

Dynamic spectrum access refers to the time-varying, flexible usage of parts of the radio spectrum under consideration of regulatory and technical restrictions.

Cognitive radios together with dynamic spectrum access attempt to overcome the described problems. Cognitive radio is not only a new radio technology, it also includes a...