Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

K.S. Thyagarajan is Chief Scientist at Micro USA, Inc., where he has developed an extensive suite of image processing, detection, and classification algorithms for the detection of very low contrast targets underwater in littoral waters and open oceans. He is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at San Diego State University, and has extensive academic and industrial experience in researching and developing video compression systems. Dr. Thyagarajan's expertise lies in signal, image processing, image and video compression, pattern recognition, and communications. He holds several patents in video compression.

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The Most Comprehensive Coverage of the Theory and Practice of Image and Video Compression

This authoritative text enables readers to grasp the basic principles of still image and video compression methods as well as the current and popular compression standards, such as JPEG, MPEG, and Advanced Video Coding (AVC). Written in clear language and with minimal mathematical derivations, it allows readers to gain practical experience in simulating actual compression systems via the globally popular MATLAB software platform.

The book first introduces qualitatively the plethora of image compression methods available followed by image acquisition techniques, illustrating the design of uniform and non-uniform quantizers. Next, various image transforms such as the discrete cosine (dct) and discrete wavelet (dwt) are explained. Predictive coding―a core ingredient in various compression standards―is reviewed, along with lossless compression methods. Then follow chapters on still image compression schemes using DCT and wavelets (where JPEG and JPEG2000 standards for still image compression are described) and video coding principles. Finally, the book explains video compression standards such as MPEG-1, 2, and 4 as well as H.264 (AVC), and covers video compression in a wireless environment.

Each chapter contains problems of varying difficulty―both analytical and software-oriented―and powerful simulation examples using MATLAB code to provide hands-on experience in applying various compression techniques. The code is simple enough to be easily modified to suit a reader's particular application. Many examples are accompanied by real-world pictures that illustrate the specific effect of a compression scheme. These unique features make this comprehensive resource an ideal textbook for senior and first-year graduate students in courses in image processing and compression in electrical engineering and computer science. It is also a concise hands-on reference for professionals and practicing engineers.

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The Most Comprehensive Coverage of the Theory and Practice of Image and Video Compression

This authoritative text enables readers to grasp the basic principles of still image and video compression methods as well as the current and popular compression standards, such as JPEG, MPEG, and Advanced Video Coding (AVC). Written in clear language and with minimal mathematical derivations, it allows readers to gain practical experience in simulating actual compression systems via the globally popular MATLAB software platform.

The book first introduces qualitatively the plethora of image compression methods available followed by image acquisition techniques, illustrating the design of uniform and non-uniform quantizers. Next, various image transforms such as the discrete cosine (dct) and discrete wavelet (dwt) are explained. Predictive coding—a core ingredient in various compression standards—is reviewed, along with lossless compression methods. Then follow chapters on still image compression schemes using DCT and wavelets (where JPEG and JPEG2000 standards for still image compression are described) and video coding principles. Finally, the book explains video compression standards such as MPEG-1, 2, and 4 as well as H.264 (AVC), and covers video compression in a wireless environment.

Each chapter contains problems of varying difficulty—both analytical and software-oriented—and powerful simulation examples using MATLAB code to provide hands-on experience in applying various compression techniques. The code is simple enough to be easily modified to suit a reader's particular application. Many examples are accompanied by real-world pictures that illustrate the specific effect of a compression scheme. These unique features make this comprehensive resource an ideal textbook for senior and first-year graduate students in courses in image processing and compression in electrical engineering and computer science. It is also a concise hands-on reference for professionals and practicing engineers.

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Still Image and Video Compression with MATLAB

John Wiley & Sons

Chapter One

This book is all about image and video compression. Chapter 1 simply introduces the overall ideas behind data compression by way of pictorial and graphical examples to motivate the readers. Detailed discussions on various compression schemes appear in subsequent chapters. One of the goals of this book is to present the basic principles behind image and video compression in a clear and concise manner and develop the necessary mathematical equations for a better understanding of the ideas. A further goal is to introduce the popular video compression standards such as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) and Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and explain the compression tools used by these standards. Discussions on semantics and data transportation aspects of the standards will be kept to a minimum. Although the readers are expected to have an introductory knowledge in college-level mathematics and systems theory, clear explanations of the mathematical equations will be given where necessary for easy understanding. At the end of each chapter, problems are given in an increasing order of difficulty to make the understanding firm and lasting.

In order for the readers of this book to benefit further, MATLAB codes for several examples are included. To run the M-files on your computers, you should install MATLAB software. Although there are other software tools such as C++ and Python to use, MATLAB appears to be more readily usable because it has a lot of built-in functions in various areas such as signal processing, image and video processing, wavelet transform, and so on, as well as simulation tools such as MATLAB Simulink. Moreover, the main purpose of this book is to motivate the readers to learn and get hands on experience in video compression techniques with easy-to-use software tools, which does not require a whole lot of programming skills. In the remainder of the chapter, we will briefly describe various compression techniques with some examples.

1.1 WHAT IS SOURCE CODING?

Images and videos are moved around the World Wide Web by millions of users almost in a nonstop fashion, and then, there is television (TV) transmission round the clock. Analog TV has been phased out since February 2009 and digital TV has taken over. Now we have the cell phone era. As the proverb a picture is worth a thousand words goes, the transmission of these visual media in digital form alone will require far more bandwidth than what is available for the Internet, TV, or wireless networks. Therefore, one must find ways to format the visual media data in such a way that it can be transmitted over the bandwidth-limited TV, Internet, and wireless channels in real time. This process of reducing the image and video data so that it fits into the available limited bandwidth or storage space is termed data compression. It is also called source coding in the communications field. When compressed audio/video data is actually transmitted through a transmission channel, extra bits are added to it to counter the effect of noise in the channel so that errors in the received data, if present, could be detected and/or corrected. This process of adding additional data bits to the compressed data stream before transmission is called channel coding. Observe that the effect of reducing the original source data in source coding is offset to a small extent by the channel coding, which adds data rather than reducing it. However, the added bits by the channel coder are very small compared with the amount of data removed by source coding. Thus, there is a clear advantage of compressing data.

We illustrate the processes of compressing and transmitting or storing a video source to a destination in Figure 1.1. The source of raw video may come from a video camera or from a previously stored video data. The source encoder compresses the raw data to a desired amount, which depends on the type of compression scheme chosen. There are essentially two categories of compression—lossless and lossy. In a lossless compression scheme, the original image or video data can be recovered exactly. In a lossy compression, there is always a loss of some information about the original data and so the recovered image or video data suffers from some form of distortion, which may or may not be noticeable depending on the type of compression used. After source encoding, the quantized data is encoded losslessly for transmission or storage. If the compressed data is to be transmitted, then channel encoder is used to add redundant or extra data bits and fed to the digital modulator. The digital modulator converts the input data into an RF signal suitable for transmission through a communications channel.

The communications receiver performs the operations of demodulation and channel decoding. The channel decoded data is fed to the entropy decoder followed by source decoder and is finally delivered to the sink or stored. If no transmission is used, then the stored compressed data is entropy decoded followed by source decoding as shown on the right-hand side of Figure 1.1.

1.2 WHY IS COMPRESSION NECESSARY?

An image or still image to be precise is represented in a computer as an array of numbers, integers to be more specific. An image stored in a computer is called a digital image. However, we will use the term image to mean a digital image. The image array is usually two dimensional (2D) if it is black and white (BW) and three dimensional (3D) if it is a color image. Each number in the array represents an intensity value at a particular location in the image and is called a picture element or pixel, for short. The pixel values are usually positive integers and can range between 0 and 255. This means that each pixel of a BW image occupies 1 byte in a computer memory. In other words, we say that the image has a grayscale resolution of 8 bits per pixel (bpp). On the other hand, a color image has a triplet of values for each pixel: one each for the red, green, and blue primary colors. Hence, it will need 3 bytes of storage space for each pixel. The captured images are rectangular in shape. The ratio of width to height of an image is called the aspect ratio. In standard-definition television (SDTV) the aspect ratio is 4:3, while it is 16:9 in a high-definition television (HDTV). The two aspect ratios are illustrated in Figure 1.2, where Figure 1.2a corresponds to an aspect ratio of 4:3 while Figure 1.2b corresponds to the same picture with an aspect ratio of 16:9. In both pictures, the height in inches remains the same, which means that the number of rows remains the same. So, if an image has 480 rows, then the number of pixels in each row will be 480 x 4/3 = 640 for an aspect ratio of 4:3. For HDTV, there are 1080 rows and so the number of pixels in each row will be 1080 x 16/9 = 1920. Thus, a single SD color image with 24 bpp will require 640 x 480 x 3 = 921,600 bytes of memory space, while an HD color image with the same pixel depth will require 1920 x 1080 x 3 = 6,220,800 bytes. A video source may produce 30 or more frames per second, in which case the raw data rate will be 221,184,000 bits per second for SDTV and 1,492,992,000 bits per second for HDTV. If this raw data has to be transmitted in real time through an ideal communications channel, which will require 1 Hz of bandwidth for every 2 bits of data,...