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Geoarchaeology

Yale University Press

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition........................................................................xiPreface to the First Edition.........................................................................xiii1 Theory and History.................................................................................1The Scope of Geoarchaeology..........................................................................1Archaeology and the Earth Sciences...................................................................4Foundational Phase: Before 1900......................................................................5Collaborative Phase: 1900-1950.......................................................................10Integrative Phase: After 1950........................................................................16Changing the Guard...................................................................................202 Sediments Soils and Environmental Interpretations..................................................25Sediments............................................................................................25Weathering...........................................................................................26Transportation.......................................................................................27Postdepositional Changes.............................................................................28Archaeological Implications..........................................................................28Classification of Sedimentation Products.............................................................29Clastic Deposits.....................................................................................29Gravel...............................................................................................32Sand.................................................................................................33Mud..................................................................................................34Chemical Deposition..................................................................................35Calcareous Precipitates..............................................................................36Noncalcareous Precipitates...........................................................................36Organic Matter.......................................................................................37Soils and Buried Soils...............................................................................38The Soil Profile.....................................................................................39Soil Types...........................................................................................41Entisols.............................................................................................41Vertisols............................................................................................41Inceptisols..........................................................................................41Mollisols............................................................................................41Alfisols.............................................................................................42Ultisols.............................................................................................42Spodosols............................................................................................42Aridosols............................................................................................42Histosols............................................................................................42Paleosols and Buried Soils...........................................................................43Inferring Environments from Physical and Chemical Parameters.........................................45Color................................................................................................45Cementation and Induration...........................................................................47Texture..............................................................................................47Structure............................................................................................53Composition..........................................................................................54Boundaries...........................................................................................58Micromorphology......................................................................................593 Initial Context and Site Formation.................................................................60The Creation of the Archaeological Record............................................................60Stages of Site Formation.............................................................................62Initial Landscapes and Original Occupation...........................................................62Sedimentary Contexts.................................................................................63Desert Depositional Systems..........................................................................64The Effects of Wind..................................................................................64The Effects of Moisture..............................................................................65Desert System Site Formation.........................................................................66Alluvial Depositional Systems: Flowing Water.........................................................67Depositional Contexts................................................................................68Site Formation in Alluvial Settings..................................................................75Lakes and Associated Basin Settings..................................................................78Basin Deposits.......................................................................................78Site Formation in Basin Settings.....................................................................80Cave and Rock Shelter Depositional Systems...........................................................81Limestone Caves......................................................................................81Sandstone Caves and Rock Shelters....................................................................85Igneous Rock Caves...................................................................................85Site Formation in Caves..............................................................................85The Glacial System...................................................................................86Coastal and Marine Depositional Settings.............................................................90Coastal Processes and Site Formation.................................................................91Coastal Landscape Context............................................................................95Postdepositional Processes...........................................................................98Mass...