Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Brian D. Lepard is Associate Professor of Law at the University of Nebraska.

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Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention

the pennsylvania state university press

Contents

List of Figures...............................................................................................................................................ixPreface and Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................................xiAbbreviations and Acronyms....................................................................................................................................xviiNote on Transliteration.......................................................................................................................................xixPart One: The Problem of Humanitarian Intervention and International Law1 The Need for a Fresh Approach..............................................................................................................................3Part Two: Developing the Foundations of a Fresh Approach2 Identifying Fundamental Ethical Principles in Contemporary International Law and World Religions Relevant to Humanitarian Intervention.....................393 Identifying and Interpreting International Legal Norms Relevant to Humanitarian Intervention...............................................................99Part Three: Some Problematic Issues Relating to U.N.-Authorized Humanitarian Intervention4 Human Rights Violations as a "Threat to" or "Breach of" the Peace..........................................................................................1495 Consent....................................................................................................................................................1796 Impartiality...............................................................................................................................................2027 The Use of Force...........................................................................................................................................2208 Obligations to Intervene or to Support U.N. Humanitarian Intervention......................................................................................2569 The Command and Composition of Multinational Forces Engaged in Humanitarian Intervention...................................................................28410 The Security Council's Decision-Making Process.............................................................................................................309Part Four: Humanitarian Intervention Not Authorized by the Security Council11 The Legality of Humanitarian Intervention Without Security Council Authorization...........................................................................333Part Five: Humanitarian Intervention and International Law in the New Millennium12 The Prospects for a Fresh Approach Based on Fundamental Ethical Principles.................................................................................373Notes.........................................................................................................................................................385Glossary......................................................................................................................................................427Selected Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................437Index.........................................................................................................................................................457

Chapter One

1.1. Humanitarian Intervention and International Law at the Turn of the Century

Few foreign policy issues during the last decade of the twentieth century elicited as much controversy as the use of military intervention for ostensibly humanitarian purposes, with some degree of force beyond the self-defense of military personnel authorized to help achieve these purposes-what I will call humanitarian intervention. Most often, but with notable exceptions, including the bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) (which I will refer to as "Yugoslavia") in the spring of 1999 by forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), such intervention was conducted with authorization by the U.N. Security Council. Much of the controversy over humanitarian intervention has involved important issues under international law, including the legality of various forms of humanitarian intervention, with or without a U.N. blessing, and the extent to which international law regulates or ought to regulate how humanitarian intervention is conducted. The debate over these international legal issues is likely to persist in the new century, as humanitarian crises continually flare up and policymakers and lawyers are forced to grapple with them.

This book attempts to develop a new approach to some of the difficult problems raised by humanitarian intervention under international law. Because the pattern established during the last decade of the twentieth century was for most states or regional organizations to seek Security Council authorization for humanitarian intervention operations, or for the U.N. itself to undertake such operations, the book devotes proportionately greater attention to such forms of Council-authorized intervention, which I will often refer to as "U.N. humanitarian intervention." But it also addresses the legal problems associated with intervention not authorized by the Security Council.

One reason that humanitarian intervention has proven so controversial from a legal perspective is that it has underscored significant conflicts among legal norms in the U.N. Charter and contemporary international law. Some norms tend to support humanitarian intervention, while others tend to oppose it.

Legal norms tending to support humanitarian intervention include the norms of international human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law. The U.N. Charter itself proclaims as a fundamental purpose of the U.N. the achievement of "international cooperation in ... promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion." Under Article 55, the United Nations "shall promote ... universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all." And under Article 56 "all Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in cooperation with the Organization for the achievement" of this purpose. In 1948, the U.N. General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which in turn was followed by the promulgation of numerous international human rights treaties, many of which have been widely ratified by U.N. member states. In keeping with these human rights norms, the international community has adopted a number of treaties relating to the conduct of war and providing protections for civilians and other vulnerable individuals, the most important of which being the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. And certain treaties, including those on genocide and torture, as well as the four Geneva Conventions, now require states to prosecute and punish individuals who commit...