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The Atlas of World Hunger

The University of Chicago Press

Contents

List of Maps...........................................................................viList of Figures........................................................................viiiList of Tables.........................................................................xList of Boxes..........................................................................xiAcknowledgments........................................................................xiii1. Introduction........................................................................1Part I. Locating Hunger................................................................11Indicators of Malnutrition.............................................................132. Food Availability...................................................................153. Prevalence of Undernourishment (POU)................................................194. Micronutrient Malnutrition..........................................................265. Malnutrition and Obesity............................................................326. Growth Failure......................................................................377. Household Poverty...................................................................438. The Hunger Vulnerability Index......................................................51Patterns of Hunger within Countries....................................................579. Child Growth Failure in Uruguay.....................................................5910. Food Insecurity in the United States...............................................6311. Malnutrition in India and Mexico...................................................67Part II. The Sources of Hunger.........................................................71National Resources.....................................................................7312. Population Growth..................................................................7513. Arable Land per Capita.............................................................7914. Environmental Systems Health.......................................................8415. Human Resources: Literacy..........................................................8616. Built Resources: Roads.............................................................8817. Change in Resource Base............................................................9118. Climate Change.....................................................................94Technology.............................................................................9719. College and University Enrollment and Research and Development.....................9920. Agricultural Technology: Fertilizer................................................103Institutions and Power Relations.......................................................10721. Colonialism and Neocolonialism.....................................................10922. Debt and International Power Relations.............................................11223. Political Freedoms.................................................................11524. Income Inequality..................................................................11825. Gender Inequality..................................................................122Poverty................................................................................12526. National Income per Capita.........................................................12727. Extreme Poverty....................................................................131Exacerbating Conditions and Events.....................................................13528. Dependency Ratio...................................................................13729. HIV/AIDS...........................................................................14030. Malaria............................................................................14331. Health Expenditures per Capita.....................................................14532. Unsafe Water and Poor Sanitation...................................................14833. International Trade and Primary Products...........................................15434. International Terms of Trade.......................................................15735. Terms-of-Trade Shocks..............................................................16036. Food Trade.........................................................................16237. Food Price Shocks..................................................................16538. Development Aid and Food Aid.......................................................16839. War................................................................................17440. Natural Disasters..................................................................178Conclusion.............................................................................181Appendix 1. Map Data Sources...........................................................185Appendix 2. Hunger Vulnerability Index.................................................188Notes..................................................................................191References.............................................................................193Index..................................................................................199

Chapter One

Things are good here now. The rich farmers eat twice a day and even the poor ones can eat once a day.

Small-scale farmer in Imdibir, Ethiopia

We spend about $125–175 a month for groceries if not more. About the end of the month, things get real spare. You know, I got three teenagers, so about the end of the month I'm reducing to one meal a day, so I make sure the kids got everything they need.

Unemployed mother in Louisville, Kentucky, USA

MAPPING HUNGER

In the United States, in Ethiopia, wherever there is poverty, there is also the likelihood of hunger. It is often a silent presence, but occasionally it roars. In Haiti, angry demonstrators gathered at the national palace in March 2008 to protest spiraling food prices. More than two-thirds of Haitians earn less than $2.00 a day. The poorest eat mud cakes made of dirt, oil, and butter. Their president, René Préval, dismissed their complaints, saying that if they could afford cell phones, they could afford to feed their families (Lacey 2008). Protestors responded to these callous remarks by banging on the palace gates and yelling that they were starving. In the ensuing riots, five people were killed while raiding a food warehouse. The Haitian senate ousted the prime minister and the government collapsed. Weeks later Préval announced a 15% price reduction for a sack of rice.

Hunger protests spread around the world that spring as prices for wheat, rice, and corn rose to twice their 2006 levels. Hunger vulnerability shook the gates of presidential palaces in dozens of countries, and governments scrambled to come up with emergency responses. For a moment, the world's attention focused on the food crisis, and many began to ask why there was so much hunger, and why it was so widespread. This atlas is a response to these questions and concerns. It focuses on the sources and geography of hunger, and provides insights for understanding and ultimately eliminating this unnecessary suffering in today's world.

Enough food is...