Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Judith Barad, Ph.D., is chairperson and professor of philosophy at indiana State University, where she teaches ethics courses and acourse on the philosophy of Star Trek. She is the author of several scholarly articles as well as two books. A Chicago native, she shares her Terre Haute, Indiana, home with her husband, daughter, and grandson.

Ed Robertson writes extensively about popular culture. He has written three books on classic television and has appeared on more than sixty-five radio and television shows as an expert guest in this area. He lives in San Francisco.

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For Trekkies everywhere, a fascinating look at the philosophy of Star Trek, from Kirk and Spock to Janeway and Seven of Nine

For four decades, Star Trek has been the obsession of millions of fans. But real Trekkies know that the show is more than just riveting entertainment. Its complex moral dilemmas present a view of the future that holds important truths for us in the present. Drawing on episodes from all four Star Trek generations, this unique book explores the ethics of the series in relation to the theories of the world's great philosophers. Questions about good and evil, right and wrong, power and corruption are discussed in language that,is both readable and compelling as the authors show, how the program has evolved over the years to address society's changing values. For this century and beyond, The Ethics of "Star Trek" is an intriguing look at a brilliantly imagined-world and what it can teach us about how to live.

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The Ethics of Star Trek

Perennial

Chapter One

Cultural Relativism

Ship psychologist Deanna Troi's efforts to help Lieutenant Worf teach his young son, Alexander, the value of responsibility are immediately undermined by her irrepressible mother, Lwaxana, who spirits the young impressionable boy off to a holodeck community"where there are no rules.'" Deanna barely recovers from the havoc her mother wreaked when Lwaxana drops a bombshell: she's marrying Minister Campio of Kostolain -- a man she's never actually met. Lwaxana also announces that she will be going against her own Betazoid wedding customs by wearing a traditional Kostolain wedding gown at the ceremony. That shocks Deanna even more. After all, in an orthodox Betazoid wedding ceremony, the bride appears completely nude.

If you were Lwaxana Troi, what would you have done? Should you "go the full monty," just because that's what your family expects you to do? What if you knew it would make your husband-to-be feel uncomfortable? What if it made you feel uncomfortable? What's more important, honoring a wedding tradition or laying the groundwork for a happy marriage?

We all know that from ancient times right on through to the 24th-century world of Star Trek, ideas of love, marriage, and right and wrong in general have differed from culture to culture. Many people happen to believe that the customs of diverse cultures are what forms the basis of morality for those cultures. This is known among ethicists as "cultural relativism." No one culture's customs can ever be evaluated as right or wrong, the theory goes, as that would suggest the existence of some universal standard of morality independent of people's opinions. Because ethical judgments do not have a standard of morality, any belief about right or wrong is entirely arbitrary and therefore relative.

Cultural relativism has its good points. For one, it warns us against the danger of ethnocentrism, an attitude that assumes the values of our own particular society are also best for everyone else. There's a lot of ethnocentric thinking going on in "Cost of Living," mostly on the part of the Kostolains. It's not enough that Lwaxana is abandoning ancient Betazoid tradition for her upcoming nuptials -- they expect her to adopt all of their customs without giving any consideration to her own.

Cultural relativism also tells us that a custom that we personally find offensive is not necessarily immoral. Perhaps some of you who are parents were momentarily put off by the erotic dancer who entertains Lwaxana, Alexander, and the other "free spirits" at the end of the "mud bath" scene in "Cost of Living." Not that you have anything against erotic dancers or communal mud baths. It's just that the idea of an impressionable young boy lounging buck-naked with several equally nude adults might strike you as odd. Fair enough. But just because it's odd to you, a cultural relativist would say, doesn't necessarily make it wrong for everyone.

Which, in a sense, is basically what Star Trek is all about. Gene Roddenberry a man who was very open-minded about the customs of different cultures, said so himself: "[By the 23rd century, we] will have learned to take a delight in the essential differences between men and between cultures. [We] will learn that differences and attitudes are a delight, part of life's exciting variety not something to fear."

Facts Versus Values

Now, you might say, "Sure, some aspects of cultural relativism are a recurring theme on Star Trek. But does that make cultural relativism the basis of the ethics of Star Trek?" It would certainly appear to be. Perhaps the best way to find out for sure is to look at what cultural relativism really is, so that we can easily identify it when we see it.

According to James Rachels, a contemporary American ethicist, cultural relativism is a theory that makes six basic claims:

1. Different societies have different moral codes.
2. There is no objective standard that can be used to judge one societal code better than another.
3. The moral code of our own society has no special status; it is merely one among many.
4. There is no "universal truth' in ethics-that is, there are no moral truths that hold for all peoples at all times.
5. The moral code of a society determines what is right within that society; that is, if the moral code of a society says that a certain action is right, then that action is right, at least within that society.
6. It is mere arrogance for us to try to judge the conduct of other peoples. We should adopt an attitude of tolerance toward the practices of other cultures.

According to Rachels, these six propositions are independent of one another, in that some of them might be true even if others are false. Using "Cost of Living" as our model, let's see how each claim is important in not just understanding but also evaluating cultural relativism.

1.Different societies have different moral codes. We see at least three examples in this story alone: the Betazoids, with their unique wedding custom in which the bride appears nude; the Kostolains, with their rigid adherence to protocol, procedure, and ceremony; and the colony of free spirits, where no rules apply (other than the pursuit of happiness).

It's important to note that the claim itself ("Different societies have different moral codes") is a descriptive statement -- that is, a statement that addresses the facts without making any value judgments. When Lwaxana tells Deanna she's adapting to Kostolain custom because she knows Campio would not approve of a traditional Betazoid wedding, she's merely stating a fact about Campio to Deanna. Sociologists, anthropologists, psychologists, and others trained in the social sciences rely on descriptive statements because they provide important clues in learning how different people behave in a given society...

Excerpted from The Ethics of Star Trekby Barad, Judith Copyright © 2004 by Judith Barad. Excerpted by permission.
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