Lakoff & Johnson

George Lakoff, Mark Johnson: Metaphors We Live By, ISBN: 0226468011

The now-classic Metaphors We Live By changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind. Metaphor, the authors explain, is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that... Format: Paperback Condition: New

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George Lakoff, Mark Johnson: Philosophy in the Flesh : The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought, ISBN: 0465056741

Two leading thinkers offer a blueprint for a new philosophy. Their ambition is massive, their argument important.…The authors engage in a sort of metaphorical genome project, attempting... Format: Paperback Condition: New

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Frey, Hanno: Metonymy and telic verbs, GRIN Verlag, April 2008 ISBN: 3638932265
Seminar paper from the year 2002 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, printed single-sided, grade: 1,3 (A), University of Hamburg (Anglistics Seminar), course: Seminar II: Cognitive English Grammar, 7 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: For centuries, the study of metonymy and metaphor has been regarded purely a matter of style and rhetoric. In addition to that, research into metonymic relationship traditionally has been put only second to the phenomenon of metaphor. However, things have changed a little over the past decades. Especially after Lakoff/ Johnson had published their influential work on metaphor and conceptualization (Metaphors we live by, 1980) research into cognitive aspects of language gained more ground in linguistics. Deeper insight into the way we structure our perception of the world has led to the conclusion that both, metaphor and metonymy, must be regarded as cognitive phenomena. As such they illustrate the fact that fundamental cognitive abilities and experientially derived cognitive models have direct and pervasive linguistic manifestations (Langacker, 1993, p.1) and, conversely, that by ways of examining language we can analyse important aspects of the way our mind is structured. As for metonymy, the relationship between thought and language is characterised by the fact that an expression that normally designs one entity is used instead to designate another, associated entity (Langacker, 1993, p. 29). Crucial questions which spring from this assumption are: How and why do we understand metonymies Which principles are involved in the process of creating and understanding metonymic expressions and why can we rely on them1In the following, I will answer these questions on the basis of Ronald W. Langacker's essay Reference-point Construction (Langacker, 1993). I will apply Langacker's theoretical notions to a rather specific area of language: telic verbs. By way of referring to a selection of telic verbs I will argue that the understanding of telic verbs relies on metonymy- a metonymy that is not included in the lists of metonymies developed by some well-known linguists (cf.: Fass, 1997, 461-469). The contents of my term paper is structured in three parts: First of all, I am going to exemplify Langacker's theory about metonymic expressions. In a second step I will point out important characteristics of telic verbs. Finally, I will exemplify how the process of understanding telic verbs can be explained in terms of Langacker's theory.<

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Treichler, Michael: Metaphor and Space: The Cognitive Approach to Spatially Structured Concepts, GRIN Verlag, Juli 2007, Dieses Buch wird extra f&uuml;r Sie gedruckt, da es vergriffen ist! Die Lieferzeit betr&auml;gt ca. 10-14 Tage. ISBN: 3638647382
Scholarly Paper (Advanced Seminar) aus dem Jahr 2003 im Fachbereich Anglistik - Linguistik, einseitig bedruckt, Note: very good, Carl von Ossietzky Universit&auml;t Oldenburg (Seminar for Anglistics), Veranstaltung: Hauptseminar Metaphor and Metonymy, 13 Eintragungen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Englisch, Abstract: Most of our fundamental concepts are organized in terms of one or more spatialization metaphors: this very elementary conclusion is drawn by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980: 17) after having analysed what they call orientational metaphors. In opposition to the classical point of view, Lakoff, Johnson, and other cognitive linguists believe this group of metaphors, among others, to be deeply embedded in the human conceptualisation system and to provide a means of reasoning about and structuring of entire, mostly abstract, domains in terms of other, more concrete, domains. Based on a limited amount of underlying image schemata, which are projected onto these domains, metaphors are employed in order to be able to understand large parts of the world surrounding us.Cognitive linguistics asks for the motivation and functional explanation of linguistic expressions. Beyond merely linguistic aspects, the cognitive approach is aiming high, since its targets are, among others, a new theory of categorisation (Lakoff 1987), Imagination (Johnson 1987: 139ff.), and, what would be a fundamental change in Western philosophy, meaning by the approach entitled as cognitive semantics In most of these and other disciplines of cognitive sciences, metaphor is one of the chief means by which these targets are tried to be accomplished. In linguistics, metaphor is an explanation for many expressions which were, on the traditional Objectivist account, viewed as being arbitrary. The general principle by which cognitive linguists explain thess expressions is as follows: Fundamental spatial and physical experiences yield certain image schemata. These schemata are mapped by means of metaphorical projection onto abstract concepts, which human beings would otherwise not be able to grasp. By metaphorical mapping, these concepts are understood, structured and given meaning. Therefore, metaphor is, on the cognitive account of meaning, far more than just a stylistic device: it is rather a way by which we understand our environment. Furthermore, metaphor is used, as accounted for by the cognitive approach, neither consciously nor intentionally. Contrary to the traditional account in which the speaker or the poet uses metaphorical expressions by intention, these are regarded as merely linguistic reflections of underlying means of understanding which are, for many abstract concepts, the only means available to us by which we can understand these concepts.

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[KW: Anglistik / Sprachwissenschaft]

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