Max Born

Bridgman - Born, Max. Collection of eleven (11) offprints by Max Born: 1. Max Born and D.J.Hooton - Statistical Dynamics of Multiply-Periodic Systems. pages 287 - 300. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1956 / 2. Max Born - Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. 5 pages. 1955 / 3. Max Born - Physics and Metaphysics - 6 pages - 1956 / 4. Max Born - Physical Reality - 10 pages - 1953 - With 4 lines of comments by Bridgman (in pencil) / 5. Max Born - 37th Guthrie Lecture : The Conceptual Situation in Physics and the Prospects of its Future Development. 12 pages. 1953 / 6. Max Born - The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. 11 pages. 1953. / 7. Max Born - Astronomical Recollections - 4 pages. 1955 / 8. Max Born - Dirac's New Theory of the Electron - 1 page only (complete) - 1952 / 9. Max Born - Theoretische Bemerkungen zu Freundlichs Formel für die stellare Rotverschiebung - 6 pages - 1953 / 10. Max Born - Continuity, Determinism and Reality - 26 pages - With the printed dedication: "Dedicated to Professor Niels Bohr on the Occasion of his 70th birthday - Copenhagen, 1955 - Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab - Bind 30, Nr. 2 / 11. Max Born - Development and Essence of the Atomic Age - 14 pages. 1956. / 1952-
Max Born (11 December 1882 - 5 January 1970) was a German born physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared with Walther Bothe). After Born's Habilitation in 1909, he settled in as a young academic at Göttingen as a Privatdozent (Associate Professor). In Göttingen, Born stayed at a boarding house run by Sister Annie at Dahlmannstraße 17, known as El BoKaReBo The name was derived from the first letters of the last names of its boarders: "El" for Ella Philipson (a medical student), "Bo" for Born and Hans Bolza (a physics student), "Ka" for Theodore von Karman (a Privatdozent), and "Re" for Albrecht Renner (a medical student). A frequent visitor to the boarding house was Paul Peter Ewald, a doctoral student of Arnold Sommerfeld on loan to David Hilbert at Göttingen as a special assistant for physics. Richard Courant, a mathematician and Privatdozent, called these people the "in group." From 1915 to 1919, except for a period in the German army, Born was extraordinarius professor of theoretical physics at the University of Berlin, where he formed a life-long friendship with Albert Einstein. In 1919, he became ordinarius professor on the science faculty at the University of Frankfurt am Main. While there, the University of Göttingen was looking for a replacement for Peter Debye, and the Philosophy Faculty had Born at the top of their list. In negotiating for the position with the education ministry, Born arranged for another chair at Göttingen and for his long-time friend and colleague James Franck to fill it. In 1921, Born became ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and Director of the new Institute of Theoretical Physics at Göttingen. While there, he formulated the now-standard interpretation of the probability density function for ?*? in the Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics, published in July 1926 and for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954, some three decades later. For the 12 years Born and Franck were at Göttingen (1921-1933), Born had a collaborator with shared views on basic scientific concepts - a distinct advantage for teaching and his research on the developing quantum theory. The approach of close collaboration between theoretical physicists and experimental physicists was also shared by Born at Göttingen and Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich, who was ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics - also a prime mover in the development of quantum theory. Born and Sommerfeld not only shared their approach in using experimental physics to test and advance their theories, Sommerfeld, in 1922 when he was in the United States lecturing at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, sent his student Werner Heisenberg to be Born's assistant. Heisenberg again returned to Göttingen in 1923 and completed his Habilitation under Born in 1924 and became a Privatdozent at Göttingen - the year before Heisenberg and Born published their first papers on matrix mechanics. In 1925, Born and Werner Heisenberg formulated the matrix mechanics representation of quantum mechanics. On 9 July, Heisenberg gave Born a paper to review and submit for publication. In the paper, Heisenberg formulated quantum theory avoiding the concrete but unobservable representations of electron orbits by using parameters such as transition probabilities for quantum jumps, which necessitated using two indexes corresponding to the initial and final states. When Born read the paper, he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices,which he had learned from his study under Jakob Rosanes at Breslau University. Born, with the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan, began immediately to make the transcription and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; the paper was received for publication just 60 days after Heisenberg's paper. A follow-on paper was submitted for publication before the end of the year by all three authors. (A brief review of Born's role in the development of the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics along with a discussion of the key formula involving the non-commutativity of the probability amplitudes can be found in an article by Jeremy Bernstein. A detailed historical and technical account can be found in Mehra and Rechenberg's book The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 3. The Formulation of Matrix Mechanics and Its Modifications 1925-1926. Up until this time, matrices were seldom used by physicists; they were considered to belong to the realm of pure mathematics. Gustav Mie had used them in a paper on electrodynamics in 1912 and Born had used them in his work on the lattices theory of crystals in 1921. While matrices were used in these cases, the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics. Born, however, had learned matrix algebra from Rosanes, as already noted, but Born had also learned Hilbert's theory of integral equations and quadratic forms for an infinite number of variables as was apparent from a citation by Born of Hilbert's work Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Theorie der Linearen Integralgleichungen published in 1912. Jordan, too was well equipped for the task. For a number of years, he had been an assistant to Richard Courant at Göttingen in the preparation of Courant and David Hilbert's book Methoden der mathematischen Physik I, which was published in 1924. This book, fortuitously, contained a great many of the mathematical tools necessary for the continued development of quantum mechanics. In 1926, John von Neumann became assistant to David Hilbert, and he would coin the term Hilbert space to describe the algebra and analysis which were used in the development of quantum mechanics. In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, but it was not to be. The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It was at that time that it was announced Heisenberg had won the Prize for 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" and Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac shared the 1933 Prize "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". One can rightly ask why Born was not awarded the Prize in 1932 along with Heisenberg - Bernstein gives some speculations on this matter. One of them is related to Jordan joining the Nazi Party on 1 May 1933 and becoming a Storm Trooper.Hence, Jordan's Party affiliations and Jordan's links to Born may have affected Born's chance at the Prize at that time. Bernstein also notes that when Born won the Prize in 1954, Jordan was still alive, and the Prize was awarded for the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics, attributable alone to Born. Heisenberg's reaction to Born for Heisenberg himself receiving the Prize for 1932 and Born receiving the Prize in 1954 is also instructive in evaluating whether Born should have shared the Prize with Heisenberg. On 25 November 1933 Born received a letter from Heisenberg in which he said he had been delayed in writing due to a "bad conscience" that he alone had received the Prize "for work done in Göttingen in collaboration - you, Jordan and I." Heisenberg went on to say that Born and Jordan's contribution to quantum mechanics cannot be changed by "a wrong decision from the outside."In 1954, Heisenberg wrote an article honoring Max Planck for his insight in 1900. In the article, Heisenberg credited Born and Jordan for the final mathematical formulation of matrix ...

8°. From the offprint-collection of Percy Williams Bridgman.

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Born, Max: Zur statistischen Deutung der Quantentheorie. (Dokumente der Naturwissenschaft, Abteilung Physik, Band 1). Stuttgart, Ernst Battenberg Verlag, 1962.
INHALT: Armin Hermann: Max Born - Eine Biographie; Max Born/Norbert Wiener: Eine neue Formulierung der Quantengesetze für periodische und nicht periodische Vorgänge; Max Born: Zur Quantenmechanik der Stoßvorgänge; Max Born: Quantenmechanik der Stoßvorgänge; Max Born: Zur Wellenmechanik der Stoßvorgänge; Max Born: Das Adiabatenprinzip in der Quantenmechanik; Bibliographie der Arbeiten Max Borns. Sehr guter Zustand

8 S. (unpaginiert) + 130 S., 24 x 16 cm, Original-Karton

[SW: Quantenphysik]

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Lemmerich Jost; Hund, Friedrich [Mitverf.]: Der Luxus des Gewissens Max Born, James Franck, Physiker in ihrer Zeit; Ausstellung d. Staatsbibliothek Berlin, Stiftung Preuss. Kulturbesitz; Ausstellungen in Staatsbibliothek Berlin, 5. November 1982 - 15. Januar 1983, Göttingen, Altes Rathaus, 23. Januar - 12. März 1983; Frankfurt/M. Senckenberg. Bibliothek, 21. März - 30. April 1983. Ausstellungskataloge; 17, Reichert Wiesbaden 1982
Nebent.: Max Born, James Franck, Physiker in ihrer Zeit. - In Deutsche Bibliographie, Reihe N, angezeigt u.d.T.: Lemmmerich, Jost: Max Born, James Franck, der Luxus des Gewissens;

sehr gut erhalten XI, 188 S. 26 cm Ill., graph. Darst.

[SW: . Born, Max < Physiker> / Ausstellung; Franck, James / Ausstellung; Kulturelle und wissenschaftliche Ausstellung / Wanderausstellung a ' Born, Max < Physiker> / Ausstellung; Kulturelle und wissenschaftliche Ausstellung / Wanderausstellung a ' Franck, James Born, Max < Physiker> / Ausstellung; Franck, James / Ausstellung; Kulturelle und wissenschaftliche Ausstellung / Wanderausstellung a ' Born, Max < Physiker> / Ausstellung; Kulturelle und wissenschaftliche Ausstellung / Wanderausstellung a ' Franck, James /]

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Greenspan, Nancy T. Max Born Baumeister der Quantenwelt. Eine Biographie, SPEKTRUM AKADEMISCHER VERLAG, Mai 2011 ISBN: 3827420806
Die Welt wird eben nicht mit Vernunft regiert, und erst recht nicht mit Liebe, schrieb Max Born 1921 an seinen engen Freund Albert Einstein. Zwölf Jahre später, als die Nazis ihn zur Emigration nach England zwangen, sollte er am eigenen Leib erfahren, was dies bedeutete. Und selbst als das Nazi-Regime bezwungen war, erlebte Born die Zündung der ersten Atombombe als eine weitere Katastrophe. Es mag wie eine grausame Ironie des Schicksals erscheinen, dass gerade der überzeugte Pazifist Born, der die Wissenschaft um ihrer Schönheit willen liebte, der Lehrmeister für die Entwickler der Atombombe war: Robert Oppenheimer, Edward Teller, Eugene Wigner, Johann (John) von Neumann und andere waren einst nach Göttingen gepilgert, um mit Born zusammenzuarbeiten, jenem Physiker, der eines der grundlegendsten Prinzipien des 20. Jahrhunderts entdeckt hatte: die Unbestimmtheit. Max Born - Baumeister der Quantenwelt erzählt erstmalig die ganze Geschichte Borns - die des Nobelpreisträgers, des Mit-Architekten der Quantentheorie, des Exilanten aus Hitler-Deutschland, des Lehrers von neun Nobelpreisträgern. Born war maßgeblich daran beteiligt, die Wissenschaft des 20. Jahrhunderts zu prägen und der Moderne den Weg zu weisen. Zusammen mit seinen Wunderkindern - darunter sein Assistent Werner Heisenberg - löste Born das Quantenrätsel. Aber während Heisenberg 1933 der Nobelpreis verliehen wurde, ging Born leer aus. Mehr als 20 Jahre musste er noch warten, und als man ihm 1954 den Preis endlich zuerkannte, erhielt er ihn für seine statistische Deutung der Quantenmechanik. Dies war in mehr als nur einer Hinsicht eine Bestätigung: Über lange Jahre hatte er hierüber eine Debatte mit Einstein geführt, und sein Standpunkt, dass Gott doch würfelt, erfuhr mit dem Nobelpreis eine späte Anerkennung. Max Born - Baumeister der Quantenwelt ist nicht nur eine sozial- und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Analyse, sondern auch eine intime Biografie. Nancy Thorndike Greenspan entfaltet die Geschichte eines großen Physikers und Humanisten und zeigt seinen Kampf mit den Mächten der Religion, der Politik und des Krieges auf.

NEUBUCH! 2008. XVII, 380 S., Fototaf. 21 cm 213 mm x 134 mm x 25 mm 25 schwarz-weiße Abbildungen; Spektrum Taschenbuch

[SW: Wissenschaftler (Biografien/Erinnerungen); Born, Max, Physiker (Einz.),Born, Max]

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