Error Analysis

Zbigniew,Kotulski;Wojciech,Szczepinski: Error Analysis with Applications in Engineering, Springer-Verlag GmbH, Dezember 2009 ISBN: 9048135699
This book presents, in the simplest possible manner, those branches of error analysis which find direct applications in solving various problems in engineering.Chapters I, II, III, and IV contain a presentation of the fundamentals of error calculus: basic characteristics of error distributions, histograms and their various applications, basic continuous distributions of errors and functions of independent random variables. In Chapter V, two-dimensional distributions of errors are discussed with applications. Fundamentals of the theory of two-dimensional continuous independent and dependent random variables are also discussed in that chapter. Then the methods of determination of the ellipses of probability concentration for the two-dimensional continuous normal distribution are given. Chapter VI deals with two-dimensional vectorial functions of independent random variables along with practical applications to the analysis of the positioning accuracy of mechanisms with two-dimensional movements. The procedure of determination of ellipses of probability concentration is also described. In Chapter VII, three-dimensional distributions of errors are considered, while Chapter VIII deals with the three-dimensional vectorial functions of independent random variables. The theory is illustrated by examples of the analysis of the positioning accuracy of robot manipulators. The examples of determining the ellipsoids of probability concentration are presented. Chapter IX contains error analysis-inspired problems that are described by implicit equations and Chapter X presents useful definitions and facts of probability theory for future readings. This book has been written for readers whose main interests are applications of error calculus in various problems of engineering.In all ten chapters much attention is paid to the practical significance of error analysis.<

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Francesco,Sardanelli;Giovanni,Di Leo: Biostatistics for Radiologists Planning, Performing, and Writing a Radiologic Study, Springer-Verlag GmbH, November 2008 ISBN: 8847011329
The aim of this book is to present statistical problems and methods in a friendly way to radiologists, emphasizing statistical issues and methods most frequently used in radiological studies (e.g., nonparametric tests, analysis of intra- and interobserver reproducibility, comparison of sensitivity and specificity among different imaging modality, difference between clinical and screening application of diagnostic tests, ect.). The tests will be presented starting from a radiological problem and all examples of statistical methods applications will be radiological. TOC:Introduction.-1 Diagnostic Performance.- 1.1. The Results of an Examination Compared to a Reference Standard.- 1.2 Measures of Diagnostic Performance.- 1.3 Sensitivity, Specificity, FN Rate and FP Rate.- 1.4 Predictive Values, Diagnostic Accuracy, and Disease Prevalence.- 1.5 Bayes' Theorem, Likelihood Ratios, and Graphs of Conditional Probability.- 1.6 Cutoff and ROC Curves.- 2 Variables and Measurement Scales, Normal Distribution, and Confidence Intervals.- 2.1 Variables and Measurement Scales.- 2.2 Gaussian Distribution.- 2.3 Basics of Descriptive Statistics.- 2.4 Standard Error of the Mean.- 2.5 Standard Error of the Difference between two Sample Means.- 2.6 Confidence Intervals.- 2.7 Confidence Interval of a Proportion.- 3 Null Hypothesis, Statistical Significance and Power.- 3.1 Null hypothesis and Principle of Falsification.- 3.2 Cutoff for Significance, Type I or a Error and Type II or ß Error.- 3.3 Statistical Power.- 3.4 Why 0.05.- 3.5 How to Read a p Value.- 4 Parametric Statistics.- 4.1 The Foundations of Parametric Statistics.- 4.2 Comparison Between Two Sample Means: Student's t Test.- 4.2.1 The Link with Confidence Intervals.- 4.3 Comparing Three or More Sample Means:the Analysis of Variance.- 4.4 Parametric Statistics in Radiology .-5 Non-Parametric Statistics.- 5.1 One Sample with Two paired Measurements.- 5.2. Two Independent Samples.- 5.3 Three or More (k) Dependent Samples.- 5.4 Three or More (k) Independent Samples.- 5.5 Some Considerations Regarding Non-Parametric Tests.- 6 Linear Correlation and Regression.- 6.1 Association and Causation.- 6.2 Correlation between Continuous Variables.- 6.3 Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient.- 6.4 Test for Significance.- 6.5 Rank Correlation.- 6.6 Linear Regression.- 6.7 Interpreting the Regression Line.- 6.8 Limitations of the Use of the Regression Line.- 7 Reproducibility: Intraobserver and Interobserver Variability.- 7.1 Sources of Variability.- 7.2 Why Do We Need to Know the Variability of Measurements.- 7.3 Intraobserver and Interobserver Variability for Continuous Variables: the Bland-Altman Analysis.- 7.4 Interpreting the Results of the Bland-Altman Analysis.- 7.5 Intra- and Interobserver Variability for Categorical Variables: the Cohen k.- 8 Study Design, Systematic Reviews, and Levels of Evidence.- 8.1 Phases 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Pharmacologic Research.- 8.2 Study Classification.- 8.3 Experimental Studies and Control Group.- 8.4 Observational Studies.- 8.5 Randomized Controlled Studies: Alternative Approaches.- 8.6 Studies on Diagnostic Performance: Classification.- 8.7 Randomization and Minimization.- 8.8 Sample Size.- 8.9 Systematic Reviews (Meta-analyses).- 8.10 Levels of Evidence.- 9 Bias in Studies on Diagnostic Performance.- 9.1 Classification.- 9.2 Bias Affecting External Validity.- 9.3 Bias Affecting Internal Validity.- 9.4 A Lot of Work to Be Done.- 10 How to Write a Radiologic Paper.- 10.1 Major Papers, Minor Papers, Invited Papers.- 10.2 Which Medical Journal.- 10.3 Do We Always Need Institutional Review Board Approval and Informed Consent.- 10.4 Title, Running Title and Title Page.- 10.5 Four-section Scheme, Section Size and Editing Sequence.- 10.6 "Introduction": Why Did You Do It- 10.7. "Materials and Methods": What Did You Do and How Did You Do It- 10.8 "Results": What Did You Find- 10.9 "Discussion": What Is the Meaning of Your Findings- 10.10 "References".- 10.11 "Abstract" and "Keywords".- 10.12 Shared Rules.- 10.13 Other Recommendations.- 10.14 Dealing with the Editor's Response and the Reviewers' Opinions.- 10.15 To Conclude.- Analytical and noun index.<

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J. C. Huang: Software Error Detection through Testing and Analysis, Wiley, J,Jun 2009 ISBN: 0470404442
An in-depth review of key techniques in software error detection Software error detection is one of the most challenging problems in software engineering. Now, you can learn how to make the most of software testing by selecting test cases to maximize the probability of revealing latent errors. Software Error Detection through Testing and Analysis begins with a thorough discussion of test-case selection and a review of the concepts, notations, and principles used in the book. Next, it covers: \* Code-based test-case selection methods \* Specification-based test-case selection methods \* Additional advanced topics in testing \* Analysis of symbolic trace \* Static analysis \* Program instrumentation Each chapter begins with a clear introduction and ends with exercises for readers to test their understanding of the material. Plus, appendices provide a logico-mathematical background, glossary, and questions for self-assessment. Assuming a basic background in software quality assurance and an ability to write nontr

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Willi,Gujer: Systems Analysis for Water Technology, Springer-Verlag GmbH, August 2008 ISBN: 3540772774
This book deals in a concise format with the methods used to develop mathematical models for water and wastewater treatment. It provides a systematic approach to mass balances, transport and transformation processes, kinetics, stoichiometry, reactor hydraulics, residence time distribution, heterogeneous systems, and dynamic behaviour of reactors. In addition it includes an introduction into parameter identification, error analysis, error propagation, process control, time series analysis, stochastic modelling and probabilistic design. Written as a textbook it primarily supports graduate and doctoral students in environmental engineering but may serve as a resource for academics and practitioners alike. TOC:Introduction.- Modeling and simulation.- System boundaries and material balances.- Transport processes.- Transformation processes.- Ideal reactors.- Hydraulic residence time distribution.- Modeling of real reactors.- Heterogeneous systems.- Dynamic behavior of reactors.- Measurement and measurement uncertainty.- Parameter identification, sensitivity and error propagation.- Process control engineering.- Time series analysis.- Design under uncertainty.- Problems.- Literature.- Index.

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